Chi Lam

In Memory of Chi Lam

June 7th, 1991 - October 27th, 2014

This project is dedicated to Chi Lam, a beloved friend, dedicated Computer Engineering student, and member of this team.

You will be missed, friend

Self-Driving Autonomous Car

Abstract

The objective of the project is to create a self-driving autonomous car in a 15 person team. The car utilizes several components and sensors in order to get from Point A to Point B. Implementation of the car involves multiple SJONE processor boards using FreeRTOS to communicate with each other via CAN bus.

Objectives & Introduction

Overall System Communication Diagram

Team Members & Responsibilities

The team consisted of 15 undergraduate students taking a graduate level course, thus competing against the Master's level students.

We are

Master Controller Team
Charles Pham	Joshua Ambion	Michael Schneider
- Overall vehicle logic - Overall software vehicle Integration - CAN TX/RX messages architecture	- Vehicle hardware interfacing - Assistant to other teams - Module specific logic	- Module specific logic - CAN RX processing - GPS waypoint logic

Motor Controller Team
Nikko Esplana	Chi Lam
- Motor/steering control via PWM signals - interface/test/attach wheel encoder	- Rest in peace Chi!

Sensor Controller Team
Sanjay Maharaj	Wei-chieh "Andy" Lo
- Vehicle hardware - Sensor implementation - CAN communication	- Sensor implementation - Sensor values verification - CAN communication

Geographical Controller Team
Carlos Fernandez-Martinez	Zach Baumgartner	Albert Chen
- Compass calibration/integration & structure modelling	- GPS testing/integration & structure modelling	- CAN communication

Bridge Controller Team
Robert Julius	Tim Martin	Joseph Bourne
- Android Application	- Bluetooth Message Interface	- Board to CAN Communication

IO Controller Team
Devin Villarosa	George Sebastian
- Receive Task - GUI Interface - Headlights Task - uLCD Library	- Event Handle Task - GUI Interface - Headlights Task - uLCD Library

Schedule

Final Product Schedule

Week#	Date	Task	Actual
1	10/12	CAN Network Benchtest	Complete
2	10/15	Basic CAN Communication	Complete
3	10/31	Secure devices to R/C car	Complete
4	11/7	Basic Vehicle Self-Driving Test	Complete
5	11/14	P2P testing and improved obstacle avoidance	Complete
6	11/31	Buffer time for previous tasks and increased vehicle speed	Complete

Sensor Controller Schedule

Week#	Date	Task	Actual
1	10/13	Sensor Input Distance Calibration	Incomplete: Need sensor value "filtering" logic. (Completed ~12/2)
2	10/17	Off car CAN network test (full team)	Completed. Able to send raw sensor value to master.
3	10/20	Interface Sensors with CAN	Completed. Updates to the formatting of data being sent is ongoing.
4	10/27	Mount Sensors and test coverage	Completed. Still need to mount with actual brackets.
5	10/31	Mount Sensors with 3d printed brackets	Completed. IR brackets to be printed based on offset.
6	11/1	Implement diagnostic LED patterns	Completed.
7	11/3	Send obstacle avoidance decisions to master	Completed. Raw values sent to master for processing.
8	11/4	Add RJ11 cabling to all sensors	Completed. Still need to make neat and tidy.
9	11/10	Eliminate outliers (software)	Completed.
10	11/13	Eliminate outliers by strengthening sensor wiring (hardware)	Completed.
12	11/24	Continue testing and tuning as necessary	Completed.

Motor Controller Schedule

Week#	Date	Task	Actual
1	10/12	Open up servo and motor modules, find a speed sensor	Complete
2	10/19	Interface/test PWM bus to steering servo and DC motor	Complete
3	10/26	Allow self-driving capability with master/bridge/sensor teams	Incomplete, only partial self-driving achieved
4	11/2	Improve fine motor movements with master/sensor teams	Incomplete, still needs tweaking.
5	11/9	Once wheel encoder comes in, learn/test/implement onto car	Incomplete, wheel encoder cannot be implemented, scrapping.
6	11/16	Integrate wheel encoder with rest of car	Incomplete, scrapped wheel encoder.
7	11/23	Test for proper operation	Complete, added functionality for center steer and forward speed calibration.
8	11/30	Continue testing until proper operation	Complete, motor works as intended.

I/O Schedule

Week#	Date	Task	Actual
1	10/4	Create LCD Screen Library (create ability to set value, get value, and write string to LCD screen)	10/4 (String function completed on ~10/18)
2	10/4	Create LCD Screen GUI (generate forms for debugging and general usage)	10/4
3	10/11	LCD Library Test (Do unit tests on individual functions for LCD library) Ability to get value from gauge on screen. Ability to set value to gauge on screen. Ability to send a string value to screen.	10/11 (Finished string function on ~10/18)
4	10/11	Interface LCD with CAN Create task for LCD event loop. Create task for Receiving on CAN.	Complete (Completed on 10/26/2014)
5	10/18	Test LCD with CAN Process CAN Messages from system	Complete (Completed on 10/25/2014)
6	10/25	Implement onto Final Product	Complete (Completed on 11/23/2014)
7	11/2	Headlights for car (hardware and software) + Aesthetics for GUI + Clean up code	Complete (Completed on 12/01/2014) *NOTE Headlights are lost in hardware land

Communication Bridge and Android Schedule

Week#	Date	Task	Actual
1	10/13	CAN Network Test	Complete.
2	10/20	Interface Bluetooth Module with CAN	Complete.
3	10/27	Mount PCB on car	Complete.
4	11/3	Create basic Android application	Complete (completed ~10/18).
5	11/10	Add map onto the Android application	Complete (completed ~10/25).
6	11/17	Send/receive CAN Messages via Android Application	Complete (sending completed ~10/18, receiving ~11/1).
7	11/24	Debug and Optimize Android Application	Complete.
8	12/1	Continue Debugging and Optimizing as Necessary	Complete.

Geographical Controller Schedule

Week#	Date	Task	Actual
1	10/8	Interface with GPS/Compass	Complete - receiving values
2	10/15	Finish core API	Complete
3	10/22	GPS get fix and receive raw data	Complete - raw data received, but need faster fix
4	10/22	Compass determine heading	Complete - heading may require additional calibration
5	10/29	Implement calibration algorithm	Complete
6	10/29	GPS parse raw data to extract needed data	Complete - returns latitude, longitude, and calculated heading
7	10/29	Compass use heading from GPS to improve accuracy	N/A - Decided that magnetometer provides accurate enough reading
8	11/5	Improve GPS satellite procurement (antennae?)	Complete - attached antennae to GPS unit
9	11/12	Improve boot up time of GPS module via warm start	N/A - EZ start fast fix mode cannot coincide with 10 Hz update rate (defaults down to 1 Hz)
10	11/12	Fine tune compass calibration technique for accuracy	Complete - Compass still about 20 degrees off, but well within usable margins. Offset likely due to nearby power source on car.
11	12/3	Buffer time for completion of previous tasks	Complete

Master Controller Schedule

Line Item #	Expected End Date	Task	Status
1	10/15/14	Decide on raw CAN struct architecture	Early Completion
2	10/18/14	Develop and layout general common CAN messages	On-time Completion
3	10/20/14	Design vehicle initialization procedure	Early Completion
4	10/23/14	Develop and layout Inter-Controller Communication - Each Module's CAN messages	Early Completion
5	10/25/14	Design vehicle initial running freed drive mode procedure - Controlled via Phone, no object detection and avoidance, no GPS, no Heading	Early Completion
6	10/28/14	Complete design on vehicle running free drive mode procedure	On-time Completion
7	10/30/14	Design vehicle initial running indoor drive mode procedure - Timed autonomous drive , object detection and avoidance, (possibly heading), and no GPS	Late Completion
8	11/01/14	All CAN message definitions complete	Early Completion
9	11/02/14	Design vehicle initial running gps drive mode procedure - Full autonomous drive , object detection and avoidance, heading and GPS	Late Completion
10	11/05/14	All CAN message receive processing complete	On-time Completion
11	11/14/14	All basic vehicle functionality state machines implemented and verified	On-time Completion
12	11/15/14	Complete design on vehicle running indoor drive mode procedure	Late Completion
13	11/20/14	Complete design on vehicle running gps drive mode procedure	Late Completion
14	11/30/14	Any additional advanced functionality implemented and verified	Late Completion

Parts List & Cost

Line Item#	Part Desciption	Vendor	Part Number	Qty	Cost ($)
1	CAN Board	Waveshare International Limited	SN65HVD230	15	92.00
2	Traxxas Slash Pro 2WD Short-Course R/C Truck	Traxxas	58034 Slash	1	337.00
3	Adafruit Ultimate GPS Breakout	Adafruit	MTK3339	1	39.95 + (4.685 Shipping)
4	Triple-axis Accelerometer+Magnetometer (Compass) Board	Adafruit	LSM303	1	14.95 + (4.685 Shipping)
5	GPS Antenna - External Active Antenna - 3-5V 28dB 5 Meter SMA	Adafruit	960	1	12.95 + (4.735 Shipping)
6	SMA to uFL/u.FL/IPX/IPEX RF Adapter Cable	Adafruit	851	1	3.95 + (4.735 Shipping)
7	3.5" Intelligent module w/ Touch	4D Systems	uLCD 35DT	1	89.00
8	2GB microSD Card
9	uUSB-PA5 Programming Adaptor
10	150mm 5 way Female-Female jumper cable
11	5 way Male-Male adaptor
12	Sharp Infrared Range Finder	4D Systems	GP2Y0A21	2	9.95 + 3.32 Shipping
13	SainSmart Sonar Ranging Detector	Amazon	HC-SR04	3	5.59
14	RC LED Headlights	Amazon Prime		2	5.99
15	XBee Bluetooth	Amazon Prime	WLS04051P	1	27.50
16	SJONE Board	Preet Industries		6	480.00
17	Traxxas XL5 ESC unit	dollarhobbyz.com	2WDS ESC	2	54.00 + (4.67 Shipping)
	Additional Shipping				$0.00
	Total Cost				$1199.66

Design & Implementation

Hardware Design

Overall Hardware Component Design

Overall Hardware Design Components

58034 Traxxas Slash RC Truck:
Traxxas Slash Pro 2WD Short-Course Truck: Came with TQ 2.4GHz radio transceiver + remote control, 8.4V/3000mAh Ni-MH Power 7-Cell Battery, and wall charger. Optional purchase: 7.4V/5800mAh Li-Po battery for longer operation.

Traxxas Slash Pro 2WD Short-Course Truck

SN65HVD230 CAN Board Transceiver:
The SN65HVD230 CAN board transceiver is used to interface the microcontrollers logical signals to CAN electrical specifications. The SN65HVD230 CAN board transceiver was chosen specifically because not only did it work perfectly for CAN interfacing, but it came pre-built with the in-line resistors. Because there were fifteen people in our team, this was desired because a lot of work would be needed if we built each CAN board transceiver individually. The transceivers were purchased on eBay for $8.99 each. However, the item's location was in China, so ordering early would be best for future students.

SN65HVD230 CAN Board Transceiver

3D Printed Materials:
The chassis of the remote control car does not offer many points of attachment for hardware and other peripheral devices. Therefore, additional structures needed to be designed to accommodate for the various boards, sensors, and accessories. To design these structures, Autodesk Inventor 2014 and SolidWorks 2013 were used. These CAD applications allow a 3-D model of an object to created and then exported as a file capable of printing the model on a 3-D printer. For the 3-D printer, we used a MakerBot Replicator 2. This printer takes a .stl file from the CAD software and converts it to a printable model using MakerBot MakerWare. Then, the model is printed by layering thin layers of ABS plastic.

The first structure that was built was the main platform. This platform acted as a mount for the six SJOne boards and the six CAN transceivers. Then, several structures needed to be created to mount the ultrasonic and sonar sensors at the front and back of the vehicle. Next, the LCD required a mount so it could float freely on the car and be both usable and sturdy, in case of a crash. Finally, a tower was designed to keep the antennae high and away from other components, like the magnometer. This is because the antennae has a huge magnet on the bottom for mounting purposes and was interfering with the compass readings. The models of the different structures can be seen in this section.

Sensor Controller Team Hardware Design

Sensor Controller Schematic

Sensor Pin Connections

Line Item#	Node A Source	Node A Pin	Node B Source	Node B Pin	Description
1	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne Board	3V3	SJOne Power
2	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne Board	GND	SJOne Ground
3	CAN Transceiver	Tx	SJOne Board	P0.1 (Tx)	SJOne - CAN Tx
4	CAN Transceiver	Rx	SJOne Board	P0.0 (Rx)	SJOne - CAN Rx
5	CAN Transceiver	3.3V	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne - CAN Power
6	CAN Transceiver	Ground	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne - CAN Ground
7	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Front Left)	Vcc	5V Power Supply	+5V	Front Left Sensor Power
8	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Front Left)	GND	5V Power Supply	GND	Front Left Sensor GND
9	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Front Left)	Echo	SJOne Board	P2.0	Front Left Sensor Echo
10	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Front Left)	Trig	SJOne Board	P2.1	Front Left Sensor Trig
11	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Front Right)	Vcc	5V Power Supply	+5V	Front Right Sensor Power
12	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Front Right)	GND	5V Power Supply	GND	Front Right Sensor GND
13	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Front Right)	Echo	SJOne Board	P2.2	Front Right Sensor Echo
14	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Front Right)	Trig	SJOne Board	P2.3	Front Right Sensor Trig
15	LV-MaxSonar-EZ-0 Ultrasonic Range Sensor (Front Middle)	Vcc	5V Power Supply	+5V	Front Middle Sensor Power
16	LV-MaxSonar-EZ-0 Ultrasonic Range Sensor (Front Middle)	GND	5V Power Supply	GND	Front Middle Sensor GND
17	LV-MaxSonar-EZ-0 Ultrasonic Range Sensor (Front Middle)	Echo	SJOne Board	P2.4	Front Middle Sensor Echo
18	LV-MaxSonar-EZ-0 Ultrasonic Range Sensor (Front Middle)	Trig	SJOne Board	P2.5	Front Middle Sensor Trig
19	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Rear Left)	Vcc	5V Power Supply	+5V	Rear Left Sensor Power
20	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Rear Left)	GND	5V Power Supply	GND	Rear Left Sensor GND
21	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Rear Left)	Echo	SJOne Board	P2.6	Rear Left Sensor Echo
22	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Rear Left)	Trig	SJOne Board	P2.7	Rear Left Sensor Trig
23	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Rear Right)	Vcc	5V Power Supply	+5V	Rear Right Sensor Power
24	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Rear Right)	GND	5V Power Supply	GND	Rear Right Sensor GND
25	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Rear Right)	Echo	SJOne Board	P2.8	Rear Right Sensor Echo
26	HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Rear Right)	Trig	SJOne Board	P2.9	Rear Right Sensor Trig
27	CAN Transceiver	CANL	CAN BUS	CANL	CANL to CAN BUS
28	CAN Transceiver	CANR	CAN BUS	CANR	CANR to CAN BUS

Sensor Controller Hardware Design Components

While the HC-SR04 is an affordable way to implement distance ranging ability, there are some points to be aware of prior to implementation:
1. The sonar frequency is approximately 40kHz. Using multiple sonar sensors to detect the same object could lead to erroneous data due to interference.
2. As distance increases, so does noise. The reliable range of values in our case were between 3cm and 70 cm. Any other values were filtered out in software.

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor:

The HC-SR04 is a distance sensor which detects objects using ultrasonic signals. The sensor is capable of detecting distances within 2cm-500cm. The sensor runs off 5V DC. Four pins are used: Vcc, Ground, Trig, and Echo. These sensors are relatively inexpensive, so four sensors were purchased. The four HC-SR04 sensors were implemented on our car at the following locations: front-left, front-right, rear-left, and rear-right.

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

LV-MaxSonar-EZ0 Ultrasonic Range Sensor:
The LV-MaxSonar-EZ0 is a high sensitivity and wide beam ultrasonic range sensor. The sensor is capable of reading objects at a maximum range of 645cm. The sensor is more expensive is, therefore, a lot stronger than the HC-SR04 sensors. Because the sensor's capabilities, it was used as the front-center sensor.

LV-MaxSonar-EZ0 Ultrasonic Range Sensor

Method of Operation
1. INPUT: The sensor is triggered by a 10uS pulse HIGH on the trig pin.
2. RANGING: The sensor sends out eight 40kHz sonar pulses.
3. OUTPUT: The sensor outputs a pulse HIGH with the pulse time depending on the distance of the object on the echo pin.

The the output from the echo pin can be seen below, as captured by an oscilloscope.

Motor Controller Team Hardware Design

Motor Controller Schematic

As seen above, the car battery(accepts compatible Ni-MH, Li-Po, and Ni-Cad batteries) powers the ESC unit (XL-5), which in turn drives the Titan 12T-550 motor and also powers the steering servo. It is necessary for the ESC unit, steering servo and SJ One board to share a common ground in order for the PWM signals to have the same reference voltage.

The CAN transceiver requires the use of the SJ One Board's +3.3V and GND, as well as P0.0 (CAN RX) and P0.1 (CAN TX).

P2.0/P2.1 (PWM1/PWM2) controls the steering/motor via the SJ One board by sending out PWM signals that change the width of a 20ms period waveform. 1ms width represents a 0% duty cycle, 1.5ms width represents a 50% duty cycle, and 2ms width represents a 100% duty cycle.

Controlling motor and steering

In the photo above, a digital oscilloscope probes a PWM pin on the SJ One board and detects a signal with a 3.3 peak-to-peak voltage, a 100hz PWM frequency, and a width of 1.5ms (50% duty cycle). In terms of steering control, a width between 1ms to 1.499ms equates to left steering (1ms = max left angle) and a width between 1.501ms to 2ms equates to right steering (2ms = max right angle). The motor is similar, such that a width between 1ms to 1.499ms equates to a reverse throttle and a width between 1.501ms to 2ms equates to a forward throttle. For both steering and motor control, 1.5ms (50% duty cycle) represents a center steer or non-throttle.

Motor Controller Hardware Design Components

58034 Traxxas Slash RC Truck: Traxxas Slash Pro 2WD Short-Course Truck: Came with TQ 2.4GHz radio transceiver + remote control, 8.4V/3000mAh Ni-MH Power 7-Cell Battery, and wall charger. Optional purchase: 7.4V/5800mAh Li-Po battery for longer operation.	Traxxas Slash Pro 2WD Short-Course Truck
Traxxas XL-5 Electronic Speed Control (ESC) Unit: Waterproof ESC unit, it directly controls the movement of the Titan 12T 550. It is powered by the car battery and shares a common ground between the steering servo and SJ One board. The ESC controls the throttle of the motor via PWM signals being sent from the SJ One board, which is then sent as a positive or negative voltage to drive the motor.	Traxxas XL-5 Electronic Speed Control (ESC) Unit
Steering Servo: Powered by the ESC unit and shares a common ground between the ESC unit and SJ One board. It is controlled via PWM signals sent from the SJ One board and regulates the angle of the front wheels.	Steering Servo

Motor Pin Connections

Line Item#	Node A Source	Node A Pin	Node B Source	Node B Pin	Description
1	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne Board	3V3	SJOne Power
2	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne Board	GND	SJOne Ground
3	CAN Transceiver	CAN Tx	SJOne Board	P0.1 (Tx)	SJOne - CAN Tx
4	CAN Transceiver	CAN Rx	SJOne Board	P0.0 (Rx)	SJOne - CAN Rx
5	CAN Transceiver	3.3V	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne - CAN Power
6	CAN Transceiver	Ground	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne - CAN Ground
7	CAN Transceiver	CANL	CAN BUS	CANL	CANL to CAN BUS
8	CAN Transceiver	CANR	CAN BUS	CANR	CANR to CAN BUS
9	Steering Servo	PWM Port	SJOne Board	P2.0 PWM	Steering Control
10	Steering Servo	Ground	SJOne Board	GND	Common ground for reference voltage
11	ESC/Motor	PWM Port	SJOne Board	P2.1 PWM	Motor Control
12	ESC/Motor	Ground	SJOne Board	GND	Common ground for reference voltage

I/O Team Hardware Design

I/O Design Components

uLCD-35DT Intelligent Display Module:
The uLCD-35DT is an intelligent display module used to display information of the system, such as viewing the GPS destination, and a controller for the system, such as setting the car to indoor mode which tests for sensor only navigation. The uLCD-35DT system was chosen specifically because of its touch screen capabilities. The display is driven by A DIABLO16 processor. The processor allows stand-alone functionality for the screen. In order to program the screen with an interactive GUI, the 4D Systems Workshop 4 IDE Software was used.

I/O Pin Connections

Line Item#	Node A Source	Node A Pin	Node B Source	Node B Pin	Description
1	LCD	1 (LCD +5V)	5V Power Supply	5V	uLCD 35DT LCD Power
2	LCD	7 (LCD GND)	5V Power Supply	GND	uLCD 35DT LCD Ground
3	LCD	5 (LCD RX)	SJOne Board	RX3	uLCD 35DT LCD Receive Pin
4	LCD	3 (LCD TX)	SJOne Board	TX3	uLCD 35DT LCD Transmit Pin
5	3.3V Power Supply	+3.3V	SJOne Board	3V3	SJOne Power
6	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne Board	GND	SJOne Ground
7	UART2 RX	P2.9	SJOne RX
8	UART2 TX	P2.8	SJOne TX
9	+5V	+5V Power	SJOne Board	GPIO P2.0	Active Low
10	+5V	+5V Power	SJOne Board	GPIO P2.1	Active Low
11	+5V	+5V Power	SJOne Board	GPIO P2.2	Active Low
12	+5V	+5V Power	SJOne Board	GPIO P2.3	Active Low
13	CAN Transceiver	CAN Tx	SJOne Board	P0.1 (Tx)	SJOne - CAN Tx
14	CAN Transceiver	CAN Rx	SJOne Board	P0.0 (Rx)	SJOne - CAN Rx
15	CAN Transceiver	CAN 3.3V	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne - CAN Power
16	CAN Transceiver	CAN Ground	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne - CAN Ground
17	CAN Transceiver	CANL	CAN BUS	CANL	CANL to CAN BUS
18	CAN Transceiver	CANR	CAN BUS	CANR	CANR to CAN BUS

Communication Bridge + Android Hardware Design

The Bluetooth module is connected to the SJOne board through the XBee socket, with only the RX/TX data connections into the board.

Communication Bridge Pin Connections

Line Item#	Node A Source	Node A Pin	Node B Source	Node B Pin	Description
1	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne Board	3V3	SJOne Power
2	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne Board	GND	SJOne Ground
3	CAN Transceiver	CAN Tx	SJOne Board	P0.1 (Tx)	SJOne - CAN Tx
4	CAN Transceiver	CAN Rx	SJOne Board	P0.0 (Rx)	SJOne - CAN Rx
5	CAN Transceiver	CAN 3.3V	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne - CAN Power
6	CAN Transceiver	CAN Ground	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne - CAN Ground
7	Bluetooth Bee	VCC	3.3V Power Supply	3V3	Bluetooth Bee Power
8	Bluetooth Bee	GND	3.3V Power Supply	GND	Bluetooth Bee GND
9	Bluetooth Bee	RX	SJOne Board	P2.9 (RXD2)	Bluetooth Bee RX
10	Bluetooth Bee	TX	SJOne Board	P2.8 (TXD2)	Bluetooth Bee TX
11	CAN Transceiver	CANL	CAN BUS	CANL	CANL to CAN BUS
12	CAN Transceiver	CANR	CAN BUS	CANR	CANR to CAN BUS

Communication Bridge + Android Hardware Design Components

Bluetooth Bee Standalone:

The Bluetooth Bee Standalone Module by Seeed Studio Works allows for the connection of a bluetooth module onto the XBee Socket of the SJOne Board. This module contains an ATMEGA168 for reprogramming. Only the SJOne Board's UART2/3 pins are capable of transferring data to the module, depending on which UART the XBee Socket is connected to with a switch configuration.
When the module receives the command to enter pairing mode (by sending the message "\r\n+INQ=1\r\n" through UART), the red and blue LEDs will alternate flashing light. Once the module has been paired, then the bluetooth module's blue LED will flash once per two seconds. Otherwise, the blue LED will flash twice per second.
This module was chosen for its XBee Socket compatibility.

Geographical Controller Team Hardware Design

Geographical Pin Connections

Line Item#	Node A Source	Node A Pin	Node B Source	Node B Pin	Description
1	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne Board	3V3	SJOne Power
2	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne Board	GND	SJOne Ground
3	CAN Transceiver	Tx	SJOne Board	P0.1 (Tx)	SJOne - CAN Tx
4	CAN Transceiver	Rx	SJOne Board	P0.0 (Rx)	SJOne - CAN Rx
5	CAN Transceiver	3.3V	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne - CAN Power
6	CAN Transceiver	Ground	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne - CAN Ground
7	MTK3339 GPS	VCC	5V Power Supply	+5V	MTK3339 GPS Power
8	MTK3339 GPS	GND	5V Power Supply	GND	MTK3339 GPS GND
9	MTK3339 GPS	RX	SJOne Board	RXD2	MTK3339 GPS RX
10	MTK3339 GPS	TX	SJOne Board	TXD2	MTK3339 GPS TX
7	LSM303 Compass + Accelerometer	VIN	5V Power Supply	+5V	Compass + Accelerometer Power
8	LSM303 Compass + Accelerometer	GND	5V Power Supply	GND	Compass + Accelerometer GND
9	LSM303 Compass + Accelerometer	RX	SJOne Board	RXD2	Compass + Accelerometer SCL
10	LSM303 Compass + Accelerometer	TX	SJOne Board	TXD2	Compass + Accelerometer SDA
11	CAN Transceiver	CANL	CAN BUS	CANL	CANL to CAN BUS
12	CAN Transceiver	CANR	CAN BUS	CANR	CANR to CAN BUS

Geographical Controller Hardware Design Components

Adafruit MTK3339 GPS:
This GPS unit from Adafruit provides an all-in-one package for a myriad of location-based functions, all hardcoded into the package itself and interfaced via UART. The core functionality is GPS, providing latitude and longitude accurately up to 5-10 meters with a strong satellite fix. The package also supports a 10 Hz update rate, so it maintains usability in higher speed applications. Additionally, this package has a built-in antennae, along with a uFL connector to allow for an external antennae with higher sensitivity. It also has a built in voltage regulator that regulates inputs between 3 and 5.5 volts. It outputs NMEA 0183, 9600 baud default.

We chose this part because it provided the base functionality we needed along with many other functions that would be fun to play with and try to include in the project. The antennae options and voltage regulator were also very enticing.

Adafruit LSM303 Compass:
The device provides access to both a Compass and 3-Axis accelerometer. The device is interfaced via I2C. By using the a Compass with an Accelerometer, it is possible to do tilt compensation, for increased accuracy. In the team's current design, however this feature was not used. Additionally, the compass has a very high update rate, which was important when choosing a component that could support split-second decisions.

Master Controller Team Hardware Design

Master Pin Connections

Line Item#	Node A Source	Node A Pin	Node B Source	Node B Pin	Description
1	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne Board	3V3	SJOne Power
2	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne Board	GND	SJOne Ground
3	CAN Transceiver	CAN Tx	SJOne Board	P0.1 (Tx)	SJOne - CAN Tx
4	CAN Transceiver	CAN Rx	SJOne Board	P0.0 (Rx)	SJOne - CAN Rx
5	CAN Transceiver	CAN 3.3V	3.3V Power Supply	3.3V	SJOne - CAN Power
6	CAN Transceiver	CAN Ground	3.3V Power Supply	GND	SJOne - CAN Ground
7	CAN Transceiver	CANL	CAN BUS	CANL	CANL to CAN BUS
8	CAN Transceiver	CANR	CAN BUS	CANR	CANR to CAN BUS

Hardware Interface

Sensor Controller Team Hardware Interface

Sensor team uses CAN bus as a communication bus to communicate with master. The specific message ID used is 0x330. There are 5 sensor values (Front Left, Front, Front Right, Rear Left, Rear Right). 8 bits of integer is the size of our data for each sensor. frontLeftDistance:uint8_t:bytes[0] frontDistance:uint8_t:bytes[1] frontRightDistance:uint8_t:bytes[2] rearLeftDistance:uint8_t:bytes[3] rearDistance:uint8_t:bytes[4] rearRightDistance:uint8_t:bytes[5] After microcontroller obtained all the values, a tasks that is designated to send data to master will run. Every sensor value is updated periodically.

Motor Controller Team Hardware Interface

The motor team only uses the CAN bus for simple communication. Only 2 messages are being listened for: 0x100 and 0x124.

 -0x100 is the master heartbeat message and motor replies back with message 0x200 for acknowledgement.

 -0x124 is the master movement command message. Master sends a uint8_t byte, with unique numbers that 
  represent specific movement commands such as forward, reverse, left forward, right reverse, etc.

During each heartbeat, a second message is sent: 0x221

 -0x221 contains 2 dwords, as it sends two float values (reinterpreted to uint32_t) to I/O. dword[0] 
  is a float type containing the forward speed value and dword[1] is also a float type containing the 
  neutral steer value.

PWM signals are sent from the SJ One board towards the ESC unit and steering servo. Depending on the width of the signals sent (ranging between 1ms to 2ms), the motor and steering can be manipulated.

I/O Team Hardware Interface

Communication Bridge + Android Hardware Interface

UART messages that are passed to the Bluetooth module.

Bridge Team listens for 0x100, the heartbeat message, and then responds with an acknowledgment message including Bridge's state loaded into the message. Messages sent from the Android application are processed using the terminal task and then sent into the CAN bus.
Messages are sent into and received from the Bluetooth module through UART frames. The Bluetooth module's baud rate is adjustable, and set to 38400 on board startup. The UART2 on the SJOne board is also set up to the same baud rate. Messages sent to the Bluetooth module are also encapsulated through the following format:

/r/n[message]/r/n

On board start up, the Bluetooth module's settings are changed in order to prepare it for connection to the Android device. These settings include setting the Bluetooth module's baud rate, pairing mode, and device name. A delay is added after every setting is changed, because otherwise some setting values become corrupted. Once the settings are changed, the command to set the module into pairing mode is sent.
GPS coordinates must be sent to the master as floating point values. In order to send floating point values through CAN, the data must be interpreted correctly so that the data can be read from the Master side. Latitude and longitude coordinates are formatted using the following line of code:

msg.data.dwords[0] = *(reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(&latitude));

This code shows that the first 4 bytes of the CAN message data are assigned to the value of the "latitude" variable.

Geographical Controller Team Hardware Interface

The GPS module is interfaced over UART and powered via 3.3 volt input, both over the SJOne board. Since there is a built-in voltage regulator, power sources anywhere between 3 and 5.5 volts can be used. Once the package is properly connected to power, it begins outputting various sentence formats that contains the data it has calculated. The getSentence() function captures these sentences using a gets() statement. Since the data is unfiltered and raw, filtering commands and a parser need to be applied to this hardware component. Using putline() statements, a specific string can be sent over UART to the GPS module. This is used to send the command telling the GPS to only provide RMC values, or Recommended Minimum Navigation Information. The RMC values are provided as a sentence of comma separated variables, so a parser was developed to retrieve the needed information. The following except of code is an example of part of the parser that retrieves the longitude value from the raw GPS output and converts it to a usable value.

   while(sscanf(ptr, "%31[^,]%n", field, &n) == 1){
       a++;
       if(a==6){
           for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
               degField[i] = field[i];
           for(int j=3; j<10; j++)
               minField[j-3] = field[j];
           deg = (float)atof(degField);
           min = (float)atof(minField);
           myLongitude = (deg + (min/60)) * (-1);
       }
       ptr += n;
       if(*ptr != ',')
           break;
       while(*ptr == ',')
           ++ptr;
   }

Lastly, the bearing is calculated from these values, shown below.

       bearing = atan2(sin(deltaLong)*cos(endLat),cos(Location.latitude)*sin(endLat)-sin( Location.latitude)*cos(endLat)*cos(deltaLong))*180/3.14159;

The compass module is interfaced over I2C and is powered via a 5 volt power source. Given the device's sensitivity to magnetic fields and angles, it was important to place the device on a level surface away from any magnetic disturbances. For this reason, the GPS antenna was placed on a tower. This is because the GPS antenna has a powerful magnet on the bottom to allow it to attach to metal surfaces. Furthermore, in hindsight, the package should also have been placed away from the power sources. The concentrated area of power cables could be inducing a magnetic field and interfering with magnetometer readings. The driver for this device simply receives the x, y, and z values from the magnetometer and accelerometer. The accelerometer ended up producing erratic values, so only the magnetometer values were utilized. These magnetometer values were input into a trig formula (shown below) to calculate the angle at which the device is pointing relative to magnetic north.

       heading = (float)(atan((float)x_axis_m/(float)y_axis_m)*((float)180/M_PI));

The SJOne board is connected to a CAN transceiver that converts voltage levels between UART and CAN so the board can communicate with other boards over the CAN bus. Geo listens for master's heartbeat message, 0x100, and then responds with an acknowledgement. Additionally, geo listens for message 0x140 from master, which indicates the destination coordinates that it has received from bridge. In return, geo broadcasts the following messages over CAN with the listed purposes.

       0x441 - Transmits Current GPS Coordinates

       0x445 - Transmits Current Heading and Bearing

       0x449 - Transmits Current GPS Heading

Master Controller Team Hardware Interface

Software Design

Sensor Controller Team Software Design

Sensor software design is composed of three crucial tasks, which are to read GPIO based sonar, read ADC based sonar, and CAN TX.

GPIO based read:

ADC based read:

CAN Frame write:

Motor Controller Team Software Design

The Motor module only has one running task. That is to listen to two CAN messages from the Master module (0x100 and 0x124). During each heartbeat (0x100), Motor will send back an acknowledgement CAN message (0x200) and send the current forward speed value and neutral steer value with a CAN message (0x221) for the I/O module. When Motor receives (0x124) from Master, it will unpack that CAN message and execute the given movement command, which can be seen in the table below.

Motor Movement Commands

Master CAN Payload Value	Movement Command
0	No command
1	Slow forward
2	Fast forward
3	Slow reverse
4	Fast reverse
5	Slow right forward
6	Slow left forward
7	Slow right reverse
8	Slow left reverse
9	Stop

I/O Team Software Design

The I/O Software is based off of two tasks: The Event Handler Task and the RX Task.

Event Handler Task (High Priority):

This Task receives any immediate messages sent from the uLCD, processes the message, and sends the message to the CAN BUS.

This task enables the system to: Turn On/Off the Vehicle and Change Vehicle Modes.

RX Task (Low Priority):

This task receives all messages from the CAN BUS, and outputs message data onto the uLCD

High Level IO Software Logic

Event Handler Task Logic

RX Task Logic

Communication Bridge + Android Software Design

Prior to initializing tasks. a Bluetooth connection check function is called. This function blocks the system from initializing tasks until a successful Bluetooth connection is established. This check function watches the UART2 channel (where the Bluetooth module is connected) and checks for a specific string before it allows the tasks to be initialized. The string is sent from the Android device once it successfully initiates a data connection with the SJOne board.

The communication bridge software design is comprised of two tasks: terminal task and an RX/TX task.

After this is checked, the terminal task and RX/TX tasks are initialized.

High-Level Bridge Software Logic

Terminal Task (High Priority)

RX/TX Task (Medium Priority)

Android Application

An Android application was created that would send messages to a selected paired device. This application would first display a list of paired devices and prompt the user to select a paired device to connect to:

After successfully connecting, the application shows a Google Map on the left side and various buttons on the right side. There is always a floating pin in the center of the map. Upon setting a waypoint, the a pin is dropped at the specified location. Waypoints are cleared when turning the vehicle off.

The functionality of the buttons is as follows:

Vehicle Off: Sends the message "bluecmd 056" over Bluetooth.

GPS Mode: Sends the message "bluecmd 051" over Bluetooth.

Vehicle On: Sends the message "bluecmd 057" over Bluetooth.

Set Waypoint: Sends the message "bluenav [latitude], [longitude]" over Bluetooth.

Start Driving: Sends the message "bluecmd 055" over Bluetooth.

These messages are received by the XBee Bluetooth module and parsed by the terminal task. The terminal task then sends the corresponding CAN messages.

Geographical Controller Team Software Design

The following diagram shows the software design we followed for the duration of this project.

All the tasks involved are initialized inside the board_init.cpp file underneath the FullInit() function. All this function does is add tasks to the scheduler in the program as shown in the following figure.

GPS_L_Task: Uses the GPS API developed by one of our members to compute GPS location, heading, and time data as well as modify the relative can_msg_t types simultaneously.

HeadingTask: Uses Heading API developed by one of our members to retrieve information from the compass device regarding magnetometer and accelerometer readings. It also takes in data regarding the destination coordinates and computes bearing.

CanRx_task: Watches for any incoming messages meant for the GPS controller (filters by message ID). It also has this super-cool feature where it makes an LED on the host micro-controller blink when there is an incoming message. Function is called makeBlinkyLightGoWhenRx().

CanTx_task: Transmits the can_msg_t types at the rate of the specified enum parameter.

Master Controller Team Software Design

The master controller has a single receive task that fans out the messages into individual "modules". The modules then either store the data from the incoming messages into the module's variables, or call the vehicle logic API functions to alter the state of the vehicle.

Each module includes a queue that stores messages until the module has the opportunity to process it. The module code then processes the received message, which can include updating the module's variables. Module variables include data such as the current GPS location. All modules are friends of the vehicle logic class, so the vehicle logic can access these variables to get their data.

Software Interface

Sensor Controller Team Software Interface

 -can_comm.cpp Tasks that retrieve sensor values and send them to CAN bus.
 -main.cpp Calling all the tasks that are implemented in can_comm.cpp

Motor Controller Team Software Interface

The main function initializes the CAN bus and proceeds to call the only task called CAN_rx_tx.

 -CAN_rx_tx.hpp contains an object declaration for a task that receives and sends out CAN messages.
 -CAN_rx_tx.cpp contains instructions on what CAN message IDs to listen for and what to execute when 
  those messages are received.
 -motor_typedef.h contains nomenclature for values used within the program.

I/O Team Software Interface

Communication Bridge + Android Software Interface

Geographical Controller Team Software Interface

Master Controller Team Software Interface

The primarily interaction between software level and hardware level was done over the CAN interface.

CAN Communication Table

Master CAN Communication Table

TX Message ID	TX Message Transmit Rate	TX Message Description	RX Response Message ID	RX Listening Module
0x100	1hz Periodic	Request Heartbeat (Module state and Timestamp)	0x200, 0x300, 0x400, 0x500, 0x600 (Respectively)	Motor, Sensor, Geo, Bridge, IO (Respectively)
0x101	1hz Periodic	Send Vehicle State	N/A	Motor, Sensor, Geo, Bridge, IO
0x124	Spontaneous	Set Torque and Steering	N/A	Motor
0x140	Spontaneous	Send Destination GPS	N/A	Geo
0x14A	Spontaneous	Request Calibrate Compass	N/A	Geo
0x14B	Spontaneous	Request Compass Heading	N/A	Geo
0x14C	Spontaneous	Request Current GPS	N/A	Geo
0x14D	Spontaneous	Request Current Time	N/A	Geo

Motor CAN Communication Table

TX Message ID	TX Message Transmit Rate	TX Message Description	RX Response Message ID	RX Listening Module
0x221	1z Periodic	Transmits forward speed and neutral steer values.	N/A	I/O

Sensor CAN Communication Table

TX Message ID	TX Message Transmit Rate	TX Message Description	RX Response Message ID	RX Listening Module
0x330	10hz Periodic	Transmit all sensor's distances	N/A	Master, IO

Geo CAN Communication Table

TX Message ID	TX Message Transmit Rate	TX Message Description	RX Response Message ID	RX Listening Module
0x441	10hz Periodic	Transmit Current GPS Coordinates	N/A	Master, IO
0x445	10hz Periodic	Transmit Current Heading and Bearing	N/A	Master, IO
0x449	10hz Periodic	Transmit Current GPS Heading	N/A	Master, IO
0x465	Spontaneous	Signal User that Calibration is complete	N/A	I/O

Bridge CAN Communication Table

TX Message ID	TX Message Transmit Rate	TX Message Description	RX Response Message ID	RX Listening Module
0x050	Spontaneous	Request Drive Mode change to Free Drive	N/A	Master
0x051	Spontaneous	Request Drive Mode change to GPS Drive	N/A	Master
0x052	Spontaneous	Request Drive Mode change to Indoor Drive	N/A	Master
0x053	Spontaneous	Transmit Destination GPS Coordinates	N/A	Master
0x055	Spontaneous	Request Vehicle Start Driving Command	N/A	Master
0x056	Spontaneous	Request Vehicle Turn Off	N/A	Master
0x057	Spontaneous	Request Vehicle Turn On	N/A	Master
0x058	Spontaneous	Send Free Drive Turn Left	N/A	Master
0x059	Spontaneous	Send Free Drive Straight	N/A	Master
0x05A	Spontaneous	Send Free Drive Turn Right	N/A	Master
0x05B	Spontaneous	Send Free Drive Stop	N/A	Master
0x05C	Spontaneous	Send Free Drive Reverse Left	N/A	Master
0x05D	Spontaneous	Send Free Drive Reverse Straight	N/A	Master
0x05E	Spontaneous	Send Free Drive Reverse Right	N/A	Master

IO CAN Communication Table

TX Message ID	TX Message Transmit Rate	TX Message Description	RX Response Message ID	RX Listening Module
0x060	Spontaneous	Request Drive Mode change to Free Drive	N/A	Master
0x061	Spontaneous	Request Drive Mode change to GPS Drive	N/A	Master
0x062	Spontaneous	Request Drive Mode change to Indoor Drive	N/A	Master
0x063	Spontaneous	Request Vehicle Turn On	N/A	Master
0x064	Spontaneous	Request Vehicle Turn Off	N/A	Master
0x065	Spontaneous	Transmit Destination GPS Coordinates	N/A	Master
0x066	Spontaneous	Request Vehicle Start Driving Command	N/A	Master
0x067	Spontaneous	Start Geo Calibration	N/A	Geo

Testing

Sensor Controller Testing

Sensor Controller Testing #1

1. For individual sensors: Set a obstacle(36" x 48" poster board) in front of a sensor and sensor team verifies the sensor values with a ruler. Repeat this process with different distances (20cm, 40cm,and 60cm).
2. Detect any outlier: Set a obstacle and allow sensor to detect for period of time and sensor team verifies values within the period. If there were outliers, sensor team would verify the wiring or write a filtering algorithm.
3. Integrated test: After all sensors are tested individually, sensor team tested collaboratively with master. Sensor team would sent CAN message (5 sensor values) to master team and check if master team can perform certain operations according to different sensor values.

Motor Controller Testing

Motor Controller Testing #1

Testing for the motor was done using a digital oscilloscope to probe for PWM signals. Through the usage of Preet's PWM API, various values were tested to find the range of usable values in order to attain a PWM signal width of 1ms to 2ms. It was found that using a PWM frequency of 100hz, a range between 10 and 20 were representative of a PWM duty cycle of 0% to 100%. 0%~49% equated to a left steer or a reverse throttle, while 51%~100% equated to a right steer or forward throttle. To get neutral steer or zero throttle, a 50% duty cycle was used.

However, a lot of trial and error testing were done to find suitable speeds and steering ratios. This had to be done manually by testing value ranges and physically running the car to hand pick PWM values that allowed the car to move in a slow, but steady pace.

I/O Testing

I/O Testing #1: uLCD UART Communication

Testing the following uLCD API calls:

-Write String - Able to write a simple "Hello World" onto the uLCD

-Write int to String - Able to write an integer variable onto the uLCD

-Write float to String - Able to write a float variable onto the uLCD

-uLCD TX events

I/O Testing #2: CAN COMMUNICATION

-CAN RX - Tested if all CAN messages on the BUS are being received on time

-CAN TX - Tested if all CAN messages being sent on time BUS on time

I/O Testing #3: Data Processing

-Event Handler Task - Tested if all uLCD operations are being handled and sent to the CAN Bus

-RX Task - Tested if all messages are received, processed, and displayed onto the uLCD

Communication Bridge + Android Testing

Communication Bridge + Android Testing #1: Terminal Commands

Two new terminal commands were added to the existing terminal task: bluenav (for sending coordinates over CAN) and bluecmd (for sending other messages over CAN). In order to test the functionality of these commands, a logging function was built into each new function. Various commands were sent to the terminal, the log file was subsequently viewed, and it was confirmed that these two terminal tasks parsed the inputs properly and would send the expected messages.

Communication Bridge + Android Testing #2: Android Bluetooth messages

The Android application's message sending functionality was tested. First, the Android device was paired with a laptop. After successful pairing, a serial terminal was opened between the laptop and Android device via Bluetooth. Buttons were pressed on the Android application, and it was confirmed that the expected messages were being sent from the Android application over Bluetooth, as they could be read in the serial terminal on the laptop.

Communication Bridge + Android Testing #3: Full System

After confirming operation of the Android application and the new terminal commands, the full system was tested. The bridge board was connected to the master board, and the Android device was paired with the SJOne board. Buttons were pressed on the Android application, and proper operation was confirmed in two ways: looking at the serial output of the master board and viewing sent GPS coordinates on the LCD screen. All messages were sent as expected.

Geographical Controller Testing

Geographical Controller Testing - Overall System

There are two devices interfaced with the Geographical Controller, the GPS and compass. The GPS is responsible for retrieving the coordinates of the device's location and the compass is responsible for producing magnetometer and accelerometer data. Therefore there are three things that must be tested: GPS, magnetometer, and accelerometer data. There are simple test cases that could be made to verify that the values produced by these modules are correct. Take the GPS module for example, by comparing the latitude and longitude from the module to the true values of its location (from Google maps), one can verify the functionality of the device.

Geographical Controller Testing - GPS

Testing the GPS module is straightforward. To verify that we can retain the values of the module's current location, we continuously physically changed locations and compared them to the values given by Google Maps. The printf() function was extensively used throughout the duration of this test to see what the module was producing so it could be compared with the true values provided by Google.

Geographical Controller Testing - Compass

We needed the compass for two things: accelerometer and magnetometer readings. The first thing to test is the accuracy of these values. Following a similar test case for the GPS module, we tested (and calibrated when necessary) the values for the accelerometer and magnetometer. Using printf statements, we observed the values returned by the module. This is where we first noticed that the accelerometer values were erratic at times and could not produce reliable results. Furthermore, this is also how we discovered that the magnetometer did not produce negative values when it should have been. Rather, it produced the negative value with 2^16 added to it. Knowing this, we were able to implement a correction algorithm. Once those values were verified, the algorithm to calculate heading was developed and tested.

Master Controller

Master Controller Testing

We tested master controller by working directly with each individual module team. We would test communication over CAN with each module then test functionality with each module. We tested master controller by doing integration test with sub module teams into the overall vehicle.

Technical Challenges

Sensor Controller Team Issues

ISSUE #1 Unreliable sensor values

PROBLEM: Fluctuating sensor values

RESOLUTION: Implement a sensor filtering function that discard the values that are considered as outliers. 5 sensor values were taken and average to get the final sensor value. This way makes the values more stable. We also compare the current sensor value and the previous sensor value and see if the difference is within tolerance, if it's not, the current value will be discarded and replace by the previous value.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Read the data sheet carefully and test the sensor thoroughly before pass sensor values to the next team.

ISSUE #2 Bad hardware connections

PROBLEM:Bad hardware connections: A lot of time were wasted in software debugging, which the issue was in hardware.

RESOLUTION: Solder all sensor pin connections.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Before any software debugging, the hardware connections must be the first area to check because it is the easiest and fastest.

Motor Controller Team Issues

Motor Controller Issue #1

PROBLEM: Going reverse during forward movement.

RESOLUTION: It was found out that a neutral-reverse-neutral-reverse signal had to be sent out with small amounts of vTaskDelay in order to do a reverse

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Find out how ESC unit controls reverse commands (no datasheets available).

Motor Controller Issue #2

PROBLEM: Braking during movement.

RESOLUTION: Go into neutral throttle and move wheels in the opposite direction of movement for a small amount of time.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Try to learn how the ESC does a real brake, which should lock up the motor, thus preventing movement.

Motor Controller Issue #3

PROBLEM: How to vary speeds when going up a slope.

RESOLUTION: Use a speed sensor/wheel encoder to speed up car. (not able to implement)

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Prioritize mounting a hall sensor with magnetic strips as soon as motor module is able to control car movement.

I/O Team Issues

I/O Team Issue #1

PROBLEM:

Architecture which used a mutex to share UART lines between tasks was causing the button on the LCD display to not be very reliable.

RESOLUTION:

Instead of using a mutex, different priorities were used instead. The higher priority task will have complete control over the UART until it is done, however the higher priority task will only be active when there are user interactions with the LCD display.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS:

Architectural design should be considered and planned out fully before coding.

I/O Team Issue #2

PROBLEM:

More performance enhancements needed to boost refresh rate for the LCD display. The display shows many different information (sensor values, motor information, etc.).

RESOLUTION:

Based on which form is activated on the screen (Sensor Form, Motor Form, etc.), the software would discard and not process information for other forms that do not need to be updated currently (with exception for Bridge).

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS:

Find areas for optimizations to better improve performance. If analyzed closer, there could be other areas which could improve performance, but the screen seemed sufficiently responsive now.

Communication Bridge + Android Team Issues

Communication Bridge + Android Issue #1

PROBLEM: The purchased XBee Bluetooth module failed to connect to any devices.

RESOLUTION: It was noted that the LEDs on the XBee Bluetooth module did not turn on, and it was assumed that the device was faulty. A second XBee Bluetooth module was purchased, and this module operated properly using the same code.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Buy at least two Bluetooth modules in the event that one is faulty.

Communication Bridge + Android Issue #2

PROBLEM:When testing to see if the terminal task received the expected messages, the values would not print to the terminal.

RESOLUTION: It was assumed that the terminal task was operating properly and receiving commands from Bluetooth but printing the information back over UART. The terminal command code was rewritten to log information received instead of printing it. It was confirmed that messages were being received and parsed properly by the terminal task.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Make extensive use of the built in logging function.

Communication Bridge + Android Issue #3

PROBLEM: After the implementation of the UART2 terminal interface, any use of UART2 through other tasks caused the terminal to act as if it received a command multiple times. This would cause the Bluetooth module to act erratically and stall.

RESOLUTION: Removed UART2 from all FreeRTOS tasks other than the terminal task. Created a Bluetooth initialization routine in the main function that would wait for a proper Bluetooth connection before starting the terminal task.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Implement a watchdog function that will reboot the board upon termination of Bluetooth connections.

Geographical Controller Issues

Geographical Controller Issue #1

PROBLEM: Received jumbled sentences from GPS module.

RESOLUTION: Removed all delay_ms() calls and adjusted setRunDuration() until sentences were received without any corruption.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Start with the most basic interface possible and make adjustments to any functions that cause delays. After that, more functionality can be added with confidence. Note that when involving tasks, the run duration may need to be adjusted as modules are added within the same task (for example, adding compass to the GPS task caused issues for the GPS).

Geographical Controller Issue #2

PROBLEM: Values from the accelerometer were not stable.

RESOLUTION: Implemented functions to calibrate. Upon boot, offsets are calculated by polling and averaging the values of x,y, and z at standstill and subtracting all those values from 0 (because 0 is the supposed values for x,y, and z during standstill). Whenever the accelerometer task grabs the values from the registers in the gps module, it will add the value of the corresponding offset, producing calibrated values.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Create code to calibrate all modules to make sure the data produced are the same data that you're looking for before piecing the components together.

Master Controller Team Issues

Master Controller Issue #1

BACKGROUND Each of our sensors were supposed to transmit a value between 0 and 255 in centimeters. All sensor values are updated over CAN at a 10hz periodic rate.

PROBLEM: The consistency of a sensor value would fluctuate dramatically and never stay consistent with a tolerance of 5cm.

RESOLUTION: Ask the sensor team to filter their data.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Assure the data being sent by sensors is filtered. If the issue cannot be resolved, work together with the Sensor Team to debug and solve the issue.

Master Controller Issue #2

BACKGROUND The heading being sent by Geo over CAN should be at a 10hz periodic rate.

PROBLEM: The consistency of a heading value would fluctuate dramatically and never stay consistent with a tolerance of 5 degrees.

RESOLUTION: Ask geo team to calibrate their heading data/ refactor calibration code.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Assure that the heading data being sent by the Geo team is calibrated. If the issue cannot be resolved, work together with the Geo Team to debug and solve the issue.

Master Controller Issue #3

BACKGROUND Valid GPS latitude and longitude information transmitted over CAN should be at a 10hz periodic rate.

PROBLEM: The consistency of the gps latitude and longitude value wouldn't update at a 10hz periodic rate

RESOLUTION: Ask geo team to fix freeRTOS priority and timing issues with updating GPS latitude and longitude.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: Assure that the GPS latitude and longitude priority and timing issues are fixed. If the issue cannot be resolved, work together with the Geo Team to debug and solve the issue.

Master Controller Issue #4

BACKGROUND The vehicle would compare current GPS location to destination GPS location to determine if the vehicle should stop

PROBLEM: The algorithm to compare current GPS latitude and longitude to destination GPS latitude and longitude was comparing current latitude minus destination longitude. Because of this, the GPS comparison would be remotely close.

RESOLUTION: Fix current latitude to compare with destination latitude and current longitude with destination longitude.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: When debugging, review the overall algorithms to assure the design is valid.

Conclusion

Overall, the team can conclude this project to be a success. Advice to future students taking this class is to establish clear goals for each individual team member. For each subteam, tailor each team member's goal to their strengths to create an overall effective subteam. Even though the weather, GIT, hardware, and FreeRTOS may have been common obstacles everyone faced, the team was able to successfully create a self driving GPS RC car via 6 subsystems using CAN communication. The team learned other important skills as well, including: team dynamics, hardware interference, various protocols, algorithms, and team workflow. These skills that were gained through this project can be scaled into other projects within the field.

Project Video

http://youtu.be/fvZmUlMSQwU

Project Source Code

GitLab Source Code Link

References

Acknowledgement

Any acknowledgement that you may wish to provide can be included here.

References Used

List any references used in project.

Appendix

You can list the references you used.

F14: Self Driving Undergrad Team

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