Difference between revisions of "S17: Squad"

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== Abstract ==
 
== Abstract ==
The goal of our project is to design a quadcopter that is capable of flight and stabilize with manual controller. The software will use a PID control algorithm to stabilize the motor speeds according to the external controller signal. The hardware will consist of interfacing the SJSU One board with an Adafruit 10-DOF sensor, remote control receiver, an electronic speed controller (ESC), and the four motors.
+
The goal of our project is to design a quadcopter that can fly and stabilize with the guidance of a remote controller. The software will use a PID control algorithm to stabilize the motor speeds according to the positional sensors. The hardware will consist of interfacing the SJSU One board with an Adafruit 10-DOF sensor, remote control and receiver, an electronic speed controller (ESC), and four brushless motors.
  
 
= Introduction =
 
= Introduction =
Self-stabilization of quadcopters requires that all four rotors are working together to correct themselves according to the gyroscope reading. Our goal for this lab is to get the quadcopter to self-stabilize, and hold its altitude. This is not a simple task. Getting the quadcopter to stabilize on the pitch and roll axis individually is already a huge task alone, but to get them both to hover with both working simultaneously is tough. The flight controller is programmed into the SJSUOne board. Everything ranging from stabilization to remote control is handled on this board. A PID algorithm is used to handle stabilization. This algorithm has been provided and written.  Most of our code configuration lied within setting proper normalized values of the remote and to get the proper frequency settings. We spent the bulk of our time finding proper PID coefficients to get the proper stabilization. We have used several different methods including brute force, Ziegler-Nichols, and Cohen-Coon methods.
+
The stabilization of quadcopters requires that all four rotors work together. The inputs of the PID system included the accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer. The output is a PWM signal to the ESC, which then spins the motor. Our goal was to get the quadcopter to hover with a remote control. The flight controller is programmed into the SJSUOne board. Everything ranging from stabilization to remote control is handled on this board. A PID algorithm is used to handle stabilization. This algorithm has been previously tested and tuned further for our project.  Most of our code configuration lied within setting proper normalized values of the remote, setting frequency settings, and interfacing to other I/O devices. We spent much of our time finding the proper PID coefficients to get the proper flight stabilization.
 
 
The default code for our project allows for the quadcopter to fly in a "+" formation where the north motor is the true north. However, we have chosen to fly in the "x" formation because we plan to add an FPV camera to it. This is a simple 4-line tweak in the computeThrottleValues function in flight_stabilizer.cpp. True north can be computed by adding the pitch north (default north) and roll east (default east) together. This is our "x" formation north. The user may configure this however way he or she wants however.
 
  
 
== Objectives ==
 
== Objectives ==
 
Our objectives include the following:
 
Our objectives include the following:
Self-balancing and self-stabilizing system with the ability to pitch forward, pitch backward, roll left, roll right, yaw left, and yaw right.
+
Balanced system with the ability to pitch forward, pitch backward, roll left, roll right, yaw left, and yaw right with remote control.
Altitude hold with the use of a sonar sensor and obstacle avoidance with the use of 4 sonar sensors.
+
Hover in a relatively small area using a optical flow sensor.
*  Clear unobstructed communication from the remote control transmitter to the remote control receiver located on the system.
 
*  Arm/Disarm
 
*  Kill switch
 
*  SD Card logging
 
  
 
=== Team Members & Responsibilities ===
 
=== Team Members & Responsibilities ===
Line 35: Line 29:
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| 1
 
! scope="row"| 1
| 4/14/2015
+
| 4/10/2017
| 4/20/2015
+
| 4/16/2017
| Correctly route North, South, East, and West pins to their respective motor/ESC wire locations. Start testing and determining a proper P value, then I, then D value.
+
| Disassemble new quadcopter and install SJSUOne board in place of existing flight controller
 
| Complete
 
| Complete
| 4/20/15
+
| 4/16/17
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| 2
 
! scope="row"| 2
| 4/21/2015
+
| 4/17/2017
| 4/27/2015
+
| 4/23/2017
| Continuation of determining Proportional, Integral, and Derivative values.
+
| Install sensors and start testing of motor controls
 
| Complete
 
| Complete
| 4/30/15
+
| 4/30/17
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| 3
 
! scope="row"| 3
| 4/28/2015
+
| 4/24/2017
| 5/4/2015
+
| 4/30/2017
| Install sonar sensors for future altitude holding. Use pid tune task which iterates through a range of selected P, I, and D values. This will log the PID output with the respective PID values onto the SD card. We will use Excel to graph the output to determine the smoothest curve with no overdamp/underdamp effect.
+
| Finalize motor controls and the correctness of all sensors
 
| Complete
 
| Complete
| 5/7/15
+
| 4/30/17
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| 4
 
! scope="row"| 4
| 5/5/2015
+
| 5/1/2017
| 5/11/2015
+
| 5/7/2017
| Continuation of PID fine Tuning
+
| Indoor PID tuning with a safe and controlled rig.
 +
| Complete
 +
| 5/7/17
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 5
 +
| 5/8/2017
 +
| 5/14/2017
 +
| Completion of indoor PID tuning and attempt for outdoor fly testing.
 
| Complete  
 
| Complete  
| 5/23/15
+
| 5/14/17
 
|-
 
|-
! scope="row"| 5
+
! scope="row"| 6
| 5/12/2015
+
| 5/15/2017
| 5/18/2015
+
| 5/21/2017
| Fix gyroscope sensor readings and tune PID values for yawThrottle.
+
| Attempt to integrate and tune optical flow sensor.
 
| Complete
 
| Complete
| 5/15/15
+
| 5/21/17
 
|-
 
|-
! scope="row"| 6
+
! scope="row"| 7
| 5/19/2015
+
| 5/22/2017
| 5/22/2015
+
| 5/24/2017
| Test complete movement consisting of pitch forward, pitch backward, roll right, and roll left.
+
| Final testing and video for final demos.
 
| Complete
 
| Complete
| 5/21/15
+
| 5/24/17
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
== Parts List & Cost ==
 
== Parts List & Cost ==
Give a simple list of the cost of your project broken down by components.  Do not write long stories here.
 
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
Line 87: Line 87:
 
! width="60" align="center"|Total Cost
 
! width="60" align="center"|Total Cost
 
|-
 
|-
| align="center"|1||FPV 4-Axis Quadcopter Frame kit w/ Protective Guard||UFO||||align="right"|$41.00
+
| align="center"|1||Tiean MJX Bugs Drone 3 Standard Quadcopter 2.4G 4CH 6-Axis Gyro Without Camera||Tiean||||align="right"|$149.99
|-
 
| align="center"|1||Brushless 25A SimonK 4-in-1 ESC Built-in UBEC||Emax||24A*4-UBEC||align="right"|$29.00
 
|-
 
| align="center"|4||6045 Carbon Nylon Propellers||Gemfan||||align="right"|$4.00
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| align="center"|1||SJOne Board||Preet||LPC1758 SJSU Board ||align="right"|$80.00  
 
| align="center"|1||SJOne Board||Preet||LPC1758 SJSU Board ||align="right"|$80.00  
 
|-
 
|-
| align="center"|1||9X 9ch Transmitter w/ Module & 8ch Receiver||Turnigy||TX-9X-M2||align="right"|$60.00
+
| align="center"|3||ANNONGONE 7.4V 25C 1800mAh LiPo Battery for MJX Bugs Drone 3||ANNONGONE||||align="right"|$30.00
|-
 
| align="center"|1||x2204 2300kv Brushless Motors - set of 4||SunnySky||SNS-X2204S-KV2300||align="right"|$63.00
 
|-
 
| align="center"|2||4000mAh 3S 30C Lipo Battery Pack||Turnigy||T4000.3S.30||align="right"|$22.00
 
|-
 
| align="center"|1||50W 5A Balancer Charger||Hobbyking||ECO6||align="right"|$19.00
 
|-
 
| align="center"|1||4-mm to XT-60 Battery Adaptors - set of 2||Turnigy||XT60-HXT4MM ||align="right"|$3.00
 
 
|-
 
|-
| align="center"|1||105W 15V/7A DC power supply||Hobbyking||9052000023-3||align="right"|$15.00
+
| align="center"|4||Quadcopter Spare Parts 4 PCS MJX B3 Propellers for MJX Bugs B3 Drone Remote Control Helicopter 2CW 2CCW Rotor Main Blades||Hobbylane||||align="right"|$8.00
 
|-
 
|-
| align="center"|1||3.5mm Gold Connectors||Polymax||||align="right"|$2.00
+
| align="center"|1||CJMCU-110 Optical Flow Sensor Module APM2.52/2.6 ADNS 3080 Flight Controler||||||align="right"|$16.00
 
|-
 
|-
| align="center"|1||Short Nylon Threaded Spacers||||||align="right"|$8.00
+
| align="center"|1||Spektrum DX6E 6Ch Transmitter||Spektrum||||align="right"|$199.00
 
|-
 
|-
| align="center"|1||Long Nylon Threaded Spacers||||||align="right"|$6.00
+
| align="center"|1||7.4V 60A PSU||||||align="right"|$70.00
 
|-
 
|-
 
| align="center"|1||Test Environment Frame for testing||Home Depot||||align="right"|$15.00
 
| align="center"|1||Test Environment Frame for testing||Home Depot||||align="right"|$15.00
 
|-
 
|-
| ||Total Cost '''(excluding shipping and taxes)'''|| || ||align="right"|'''$367.00'''
+
| ||Total Cost '''(excluding shipping and taxes)'''|| || ||align="right"|'''$570.00'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="col"|No.
 
! scope="col"|No.
! scope="col"|Pin
 
 
! scope="col"|RC Channel
 
! scope="col"|RC Channel
 
! scope="col"|Receiver Channel
 
! scope="col"|Receiver Channel
 
! scope="col"|Description
 
! scope="col"|Description
 
|-
 
|-
| scope="row"|1||P0.0||1||2||Pitch - Grey Wire
+
| scope="row"|1||1||1||Pitch
 
|-
 
|-
| scope="row"|2||P0.1||2||1||Roll - White Wire
+
| scope="row"|2||2||2||Roll
 
|-
 
|-
| scope="row"|3||P0.29||3||4||Yaw - Orange Wire
+
| scope="row"|3||3||3||Yaw
 
|-
 
|-
| scope="row"|4||P0.30||4||3||Throttle - Grey Wire
+
| scope="row"|4||4||4||Throttle
 
|-
 
|-
| scope="row"|5||P2.6||5|| ||Arm/Disarm
+
| scope="row"|5||5||5||Arm/Disarm
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Line 170: Line 157:
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
=== Remote Control Transmitter & Receiver ===
 +
The remote controller is for transmitting throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw angles from the controller to SJOne Board..
  
  
[[File: S15_146_G1_Sch_v2.0.PNG|600px|center|thumb|Figure. 1 Hardware Design]]
+
We used Spectrum DX6e model, which has 6 available channels and the operating frequency is 2.4GHz.
 
 
=== Remote Control Transmitter & Receiver ===
 
The remote control transmitter is responsible for transmitting the desired throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw angles. We chose the FlySky FS-T6 model, which has 6 available channels. The operating frequency is 2.4GHz and the remote comes with many features including a backlit LCD. The channels and their associated operation are :
 
  
 
Channel 1 - Pitch
 
Channel 1 - Pitch
Line 185: Line 171:
 
Channel 4 - Yaw
 
Channel 4 - Yaw
  
Channel 5 - N/A
+
Channel 5 - Arm/Disarm
 +
 
 +
Channel 6 - Hold position
  
Channel 6 - Arm/Disarm
+
[[File: S17_244_Squad_remote.jpg|350px|center|thumb|Figure 2. Remote Controller]]
[[File: S15 146 G1 flysky.jpg|350px|center|thumb|Figure 2. Remote Controller]]
 
  
 
=== Motors ===
 
=== Motors ===
Brushless motors are perfect for quadcopters because of their superior efficiency. They are much more powerful than conventional brushed motors and less electrical energy is wasted. The fewer mechanical parts result in reduced operational noise and quieter performance. Brushless motors work by producing magnetic fields to produce electric charges. Magnets will attempt to align, thus, causing the motor to spin. A continuous flow on multiple magnets will result in constant spinning depending on the signals sent to the device. Different currents are flowing through different coils making the motor shaft spin. The speed of the spinning motor shaft is controlled by an ESC (electronic speed controller) and is performed by switching the motor coils on or off rapidly at different, but synchronized, times.
+
 
 +
The motors used in this project were originally the stock motors that came with the MJX Bugs 3 Drone, but once the project was switched to one with older parts the motors were SunnySky X2204S KV2300. These motors are quite powerful since they are made for quadcopters weighing a maximum of 1000grams.
 +
 
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 sunnysky.jpg|350px|center|thumb|Figure 3. Brushless Motors]]
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 sunnysky.jpg|350px|center|thumb|Figure 3. Brushless Motors]]
  
 
=== Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) ===
 
=== Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) ===
  
The ESC is an plays an integral part in controlling the motors. They vary the speed of the motors by feeding it PWM signals at varying pulse widths. Our ESC runs at about 50 Hz with pulse widths that range from 1 ms to 2 ms. 1 ms turns off the motor input while 2 ms makes the motor run at max speed. The EMAX 4-in-1 is programmable, and has several different parameters for the user to configure. We have chosen to use the recommended settings that came in the EMAX manual.  
+
The ESCs used in this project were originally the stock ones that came with the MJX Bugs 3 Drone, but event, but once the project was switched to one with older parts the ESC used was the Emax 4-in-1 25amp ESC. It includes four 25amp ESCs in one unit and was strong enough for the SunnySky motors.
  
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 emax.jpg|300px|center|thumb|Figure 4. Electronic Speed Control]]
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 emax.jpg|300px|center|thumb|Figure 4. Electronic Speed Control]]
  
=== IMU Sensor ===
+
=== Adafruit 10-DOF Sensor ===
The IMU (Intertial Measurement Unit) is a sensor that measures the orientation of the quadcopter. IMU's are important because they provide the necessary information needed to control the quadcopter. Included in the IU is an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnetometer. This is the device that is used in conjunction with the SJSUOne board to compute proper PID values and for the remote control to request angles for pitch, roll, and yaw. In our case, Y points to the north by default. The SJSUOne board reads these values and adjusts the quadcopter accordingly.
+
The Adafruit 10-DOF is a sensor that measures the orientation of the quadcopter. These sensors are important because they provide the necessary information needed to control the quadcopter. Included in the 10-DOF is an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, and a compass. This is the device that is used in conjunction with the SJSUOne board to compute proper angle values and for the remote control to request angles for pitch, roll, and yaw.  
[[File: S15 146 G1 adafruit.jpeg|300px||thumb|center|Fig. 5 Inertial Measurement Unit]]
+
[[File: S17_244_Squad_ Adafruit.jpg|300px||thumb|center|Fig. 5 Inertial Measurement Unit]]
  
=== SJOne Flight Controller ===
+
=== SJSUOne Flight Controller ===
The SJOne board is programmed and configured to be the flight controller of the quadcopter. The RC receiver, the sensor, and the ESC are all hooked up to the board. Each of these devices are actively working together and are controlled by the board. The receiver takes input from the RC and outputs it into the SJOne board. The board will process the requested PWM and will use this information to control the ESC. It will also process the requested angle of pitch and roll. The sensor readings will be used to process both the requested angle from the RC, and to process the flight stabilization calculations. This microcontroller controls every aspect required for the quadcopter to fly. Every action must first go through the SJOne board. FreeRTOS is extensively used on the board. Many critical actions such as remote control and flight stabilization are set up as tasks. The board will determine the priority given to each task.
+
The SJSUOne board is programmed and configured to be the main flight controller of the quadcopter. The RC receiver, the sensor, and the ESC are all hooked up to the board. Each of these devices are actively working together and are controlled by the board. The receiver takes input from the RC and outputs it into the SJOne board. The board will process the requested PWM and will use this information to control the ESC. It will also process the requested angle of pitch and roll. The sensor readings will be used to process both the requested angle from the RC, and to process the flight stabilization calculations. This microcontroller controls every aspect required for the quadcopter to fly. Every action must first go through the SJOne board. FreeRTOS is extensively used on the board. Many critical actions such as remote control and flight stabilization are set up as tasks. The board will determine the priority given to each task.
  
 
[[File: Sjone board.jpg|300px|center|thumb|Figure 6. SJOne Board]]
 
[[File: Sjone board.jpg|300px|center|thumb|Figure 6. SJOne Board]]
Line 212: Line 201:
 
Communication protocols used :
 
Communication protocols used :
  
#'''UART''' - Serial communication and telemetry.
+
#'''UART''' - Serial communication via Hercules and telemetry.
 
#'''PPM''' (Pulse Position Modulation) - Sequence of 6 channels of remote control transmitter signals into receiver on the quadcopter.
 
#'''PPM''' (Pulse Position Modulation) - Sequence of 6 channels of remote control transmitter signals into receiver on the quadcopter.
 
#'''Interrupts''' - Usage of the GPIO ports on the SJSU One board and the timer API to capture the PPM signals from the remote control transmitter to receiver.
 
#'''Interrupts''' - Usage of the GPIO ports on the SJSU One board and the timer API to capture the PPM signals from the remote control transmitter to receiver.
 
#'''PWM''' (Pulse Width Modulation) - Decoding remote control signals into pulse signals the ESC's can use to drive the motors
 
#'''PWM''' (Pulse Width Modulation) - Decoding remote control signals into pulse signals the ESC's can use to drive the motors
 +
#'''I2C''' I/O communication with the Adafruit 10-DOF sensor
 +
#'''SPI''' I/O communication with the optical flow sensor
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 pwmsample.jpg|300px|center|thumb|Figure 7. PWM Samples]]
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 pwmsample.jpg|300px|center|thumb|Figure 7. PWM Samples]]
  
Line 236: Line 227:
 
#If timing is skewed, light up LED and increment TimingSkewedCount.
 
#If timing is skewed, light up LED and increment TimingSkewedCount.
 
#If armed, apply motor values. Otherwise, apply value 0 to motors.
 
#If armed, apply motor values. Otherwise, apply value 0 to motors.
 +
#if disarmed, reset all PID error values to 0 to avoid wind-up when arming again
  
 
==== Remote Control Signal Decoding ====
 
==== Remote Control Signal Decoding ====
#Initialize ports for interrupt on rising and falling edges of inputs.
+
#Initialize ports for interrupt on rising and falling edges of inputs (6 channels)
 
#On rising edge of signal, start timer capture.
 
#On rising edge of signal, start timer capture.
 
#On falling edge of signal, stop timer capture.
 
#On falling edge of signal, stop timer capture.
 
#Pulse width = stop - start
 
#Pulse width = stop - start
 +
#Save timer value to their respective channel (pitch, roll, yaw, throttle, arm/disarm, and auxiliary)
  
 
=== Get normalized values of decoded remote control pulse width signals ===
 
=== Get normalized values of decoded remote control pulse width signals ===
 
#If throttle, scale from 0 to +100 for 0% to 100% by using a scaling factor and subtracting factor. Apply value to throttle of flight parameters.
 
#If throttle, scale from 0 to +100 for 0% to 100% by using a scaling factor and subtracting factor. Apply value to throttle of flight parameters.
#Else, scale from -45 degrees to +45 degrees by using a separate scaling factor and subtracting factor. Apply values for requested flight angles.
+
#Otherwise, scale from -45 degrees to +45 degrees by using a separate scaling factor and subtracting factor. Apply values for requested flight angles.
#Set limits and noise margins for robustness.
+
#Set limits to avoid going out of bounds.
  
 
== Integration ==
 
== Integration ==
 
Below are pictures of the actual design and integration of the entire system.
 
Below are pictures of the actual design and integration of the entire system.
  
[[File: S15 146 G1 des1.JPG|250px]]
+
[[File: S17 244 Squad Adafruit.jpg|250px]]
[[File: S15 146 G1 PowerSensor.JPG|250px]]
+
[[File: S17_244_Squad_quad.jpg|250px]]
[[File: S15 146 G1 emptyframe.JPG|250px]]
+
[[File: S17 244 Squad New drone that broke.jpg|250px]]
[[File: S15 146 G1 Receiver.JPG|250px]]
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 final1.JPG|250px]]
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 IMG 2234.JPG|250px]]
 
  
 
== Testing & Technical Challenges ==
 
== Testing & Technical Challenges ==
  
 
=== PID Tuning Testing Methods ===
 
=== PID Tuning Testing Methods ===
There are several ways to tune for PID. We have found Oscar Liang's blog on multicopters to be very helpful. http://blog.oscarliang.net/.  
+
There are several ways to tune for PID. For this project we used brute force to tune the different axes, pitch, roll, and yaw. We designed a single axis gimbal device that would help us to tune a single axis at a time. By allowing freedom of movement along a single plane we can see when the quadcopter reaches its set point.
  
==== Brute Force ====
+
In order to tune the PID we first started with the Proportional gain. With just this gain applied to the algorithm, the quadcopter would oscillate around the set point at a constant rate. When this constant oscillation was reached, we then started to adjust the derivative gain. The derivative gain causes the steady oscillation already present to be critically damped and eventually settle on the set point.With only PD the quadcopter is already somewhat stable. The reason for including the integral portion is to allow the oscillations to settle faster. This is important since we want the quadcopter to become stable and reach its set point as quickly as possible. When we adjust the integral gain we increase it slowly until we see the quad copter reach its set point after the desired number of oscillations. If we were able to tolerate a higher number of oscillations then the PID controller would react faster and the quadcopter would actually settle on the set point more quickly. However, oscillations can also introduce instability during flight so for our application we are looking for 0 oscillations. Even though it causes us to reach our set point slower, it is a better option for us.
Before trying the Ziegler-Nichols or Cohen-Coon methods, we tried different brute force methods of tuning. First P, I, and D are set to 0. P is then gradually increased until there is a stable oscillation. I is then slowly increased until the quadcopter can quickly stabilize itself. After P and I are tuned, D can be tuned as well, however, D values may have an effect on P and I. After D is tuned, P and I may need to be retuned again. The brute force method is very straight forward, but it is very time consuming, and good results take a lot of time to acquire.
 
  
==== Cohen-Coon ====
+
==== Stable PID Output ====
The Cohen-Coon method of tuning corrects the slow, steady-state response. This method is an offline method of tuning, meaning that a step change is introduced to the system once it is at steady state. The output is then measured based on the time constant and the time delay. The response can be used to evaluate the initial control parameters. Shown in the first picture, the delay time is td and tau is the time constant to reach 63% of the process input.
+
Once a stable PID controller has been achieved then any requests from the controller should result in the quadcopter being able to reach stability at the requested angle. Any attempts to knock the quadcopter off the set point causes the quadcopter to quickly return to its intended state.
[[File: S15 146 G1 StepTestcohen.png|center|450px]]
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 CohenCoonRules1 copy.jpg|center|450px]]
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 Cohen coon.jpg|center|450px]]
 
==== Ziegler-Nichols ====
 
The Ziegler-Nichols tuning method was developed in the 1940's to obtain control parameters. The closed-loop tuning method, which we chose to use, involves finding the ultimate gain value, Ku, and the ultimate period of oscillation, Pu, to calculate Kc. It is a simple method of tuning PID controllers and can be refined and tuned further for better system response. The ultimate gain value, Ku, is found by finding the value of the proportional-only gain that causes the control loop to oscillate indefinitely at steady state. The parameters I and D are set to 0. The ultimate period, Pu, is the time required to complete one full oscillation while the system is at steady state. These two parameters alone are used to find the gain coefficients P, I, and D. An important thing to note here is the fact that these are only to be considered for initial values for further testing and fine tuning. Notice that there is still overshoot and an underdamped system response is given. It is important for the quadcopter to behave as a critically damped system.
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 ZN.png|center|450px]]
 
[[File: S15 146 G1 Ziegler nichols tuning.jpg|center|450px]]
 
  
==== Stable PID Output ====
 
Upon completion of a stable quadcopter the graph produced below dictates a stable response in the PID control system. The random spikes most likely occurred from ground wind turbulences or the fact that we had a torn propeller.
 
[[File:SP 15 HoverCopter Best PID graph.png|center|450px]]
 
 
=== Issues Faced ===
 
=== Issues Faced ===
  
==== Issue #1 ====
+
== Issue 1 ==
Issue: We first had inconsistent motor/propeller spinning. They were not spinning with normal behavior so we traced it back to the values that are applied to the motor from the remote control signals. The values decoded from the remote controls signals were incorrect. The ESC"s accept PWM servo pulses upon calibration and we initially had the SJSU One board outputting PWM duty cycle signals to the ESC. We reworked the remote control decoding functions to correct PWM pulses ranging from 1ms to 2ms wide pulses.  
+
PID Tuning to achieve stabilization is the most difficult portion of the project. This involves knowledge of PID controls and how each gain (Proportional, Integral, and Differential) affect the stabilization of the drone.
  
Result: The result was smooth operation of motors/propellers when throttle was applied from the remote control to the SJSU One board.
+
== Issue 2 ==
 +
The original drone that was developed had a mechanical issue either with the ESC or the motor. This happened five days prior to the due date of the project and because we couldn't order another part in time we had to improvise by starting from scratch on an old drone. The old drone only had the motors, ESC, and frame installed. The SJSUOne board, sensors, and power supply had to be moved completely and the PID gains had to be re-tuned all over again. We literally finished an entire semester worth of work in one day.
  
==== Issue #2 ====
+
== Issue 3 ==
Issue: During the week of 4/24/15 to 4/29/15, we had remote control transmitter issues. It started out with random spikes in throttle pulse widths. We fixed the random spikes by adding control in our software, but eventually the throttle had no response. Change in the joystick would have no effect on the actual pulse width received from the receiver.  
+
The optical flow sensor had communication problems at first. The specific part we chose had two options to receive the x-delta and y-delta values : 1) single register reads or 2) motion burst where 6 registers are read sequentially after the command is received. We had to learn the hard way that the motion burst was the more accurate way to receive the data we wanted.
  
Result: Our solution was to order a different brand, especially not the Turnigy 9x. We opted for the FlySky FS-T6 remote control transmitter. So far, it has better response, light up display, and ability to adjust throttle curve which the Turnigy didn't have. Another issue that we have faced though, is the channel that we want our roll to be on does no work, instead, we have replaced the yaw channel with roll as a temporary fix.
+
== Conclusion ==
 +
In this project, we utilized many new sensors that have never been used before such as the Adafruit accelerometer sensor, the ESC controller, and the remote transmit/receive sensor. We learned how to interface these new sensor with understanding each sensor's spec. The most important knowledge we have learned is adjusting the PID value in order to stabilize the quadcopter. We have a set of environment to test the drone's stability, and use our self-defined raw command to change the PID value. Finding the proper PID value for quadcopter is the hardest task in this project. We get a very stable PID value from our simulation environment and program into the quadcopter, but the quadcopter still very unstable in the real test. When testing quadcopter outside the room, there many unexpected situation such as wind and turbulence will have an affect on the outdoor flying.
  
==== Issue #3 ====
+
We encountered many hurdles in our first attempt at the quadcopter. We had initially thought that it would be simpler to buy a quadcopter off the shelf and replace the flight controller. This turned out to be a mistake since there was no documentation available for the ESC's. When we ran into trouble with the ESC towards the end of the project there was nothing we could do to debug or resolve the issue. We ended up having to resort to a completely different quadcopter.
Issue: After spending many hours, we were able to get the quadcopter to stabilize on both pitch and roll individually. However, when trying to fly, it tends to lean too far to one side. One fix is to manually input pitch or roll depending on the direction of the flight. This is not a good fix though, as it is still unstable.
 
  
Result: We believe that this error is a trimming error as opposed to a PID error. The quadcopter does not oscillate uncontrollably, rather, it just leans to one side too much.
+
When finally achieving stable flight with the quadcopter we realized that any disturbance by the wind would cause it to drift. We turned to the optical flow sensor. Trying to interface with this sensor turned out to be more difficult than we initially thought. We ran into timing issues when trying to read from the registers one at a time and ended up having to read multiple registers in what is called "burst mode."
  
== Conclusion ==
+
In the end, we realized that quadcopters are not for the faint of heart, and require a huge amount of time and dedication. However, this was a very rewarding experience since it involved resolving issues stemming from many different engineering disciplines including electrical, mechanical, and software.
We have learned many valuable things from this project. Besides team-work and process planning, we learned many things that can be applied to future work. Before this project, we had no experience with remote control PWM signal processing, PID feedback control, or flying with devices. This project has expanded our tool-set because we broadened our experience with real-world applications. Also, we learned that PID tuning is not just a simple plug and play process. Majority of the time spent on the project was devoted towards PID tuning. You can have a set of PID coefficient gains that are optimal for a smooth or aggressive flight and you won't know how it actually reacts until you start flying it. For example, we made a test-bed rig for tuning on 1 axis at a time and were able to log many different sets of PID values that seemed suitable for flying. Actually flying it on its own is a completely different story. Three different axis running plus outside disturbances such as wind and turbulence will have an affect on the real-time operation and flying. Another important thing we learned from this project is signal processing. We learned how to encode and decode signals from one form to another. What we have ultimately learned from this project is that planning and testing phases are crucial for a project, especially a quadcopter, to run well. Without a doubt, we will continue to utilize knowledge from this project towards other future projects.
 
  
 
=== Project Video ===
 
=== Project Video ===
 +
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkTlo5t4o04
 +
https://youtu.be/ZWS9cOwkb_o
  
 
=== Project Source Code ===
 
=== Project Source Code ===

Latest revision as of 02:58, 25 May 2017

Squad

Abstract

The goal of our project is to design a quadcopter that can fly and stabilize with the guidance of a remote controller. The software will use a PID control algorithm to stabilize the motor speeds according to the positional sensors. The hardware will consist of interfacing the SJSU One board with an Adafruit 10-DOF sensor, remote control and receiver, an electronic speed controller (ESC), and four brushless motors.

Introduction

The stabilization of quadcopters requires that all four rotors work together. The inputs of the PID system included the accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer. The output is a PWM signal to the ESC, which then spins the motor. Our goal was to get the quadcopter to hover with a remote control. The flight controller is programmed into the SJSUOne board. Everything ranging from stabilization to remote control is handled on this board. A PID algorithm is used to handle stabilization. This algorithm has been previously tested and tuned further for our project. Most of our code configuration lied within setting proper normalized values of the remote, setting frequency settings, and interfacing to other I/O devices. We spent much of our time finding the proper PID coefficients to get the proper flight stabilization.

Objectives

Our objectives include the following:

  • Balanced system with the ability to pitch forward, pitch backward, roll left, roll right, yaw left, and yaw right with remote control.
  • Hover in a relatively small area using a optical flow sensor.

Team Members & Responsibilities

  • Calvin Lai
  • Jonathon Hongpananon
  • Shangming Wang

Schedule

Week# Start Date End Date Task Status Actual Completion Date
1 4/10/2017 4/16/2017 Disassemble new quadcopter and install SJSUOne board in place of existing flight controller Complete 4/16/17
2 4/17/2017 4/23/2017 Install sensors and start testing of motor controls Complete 4/30/17
3 4/24/2017 4/30/2017 Finalize motor controls and the correctness of all sensors Complete 4/30/17
4 5/1/2017 5/7/2017 Indoor PID tuning with a safe and controlled rig. Complete 5/7/17
5 5/8/2017 5/14/2017 Completion of indoor PID tuning and attempt for outdoor fly testing. Complete 5/14/17
6 5/15/2017 5/21/2017 Attempt to integrate and tune optical flow sensor. Complete 5/21/17
7 5/22/2017 5/24/2017 Final testing and video for final demos. Complete 5/24/17

Parts List & Cost

Qty Description Manufacturer Part Number Total Cost
1 Tiean MJX Bugs Drone 3 Standard Quadcopter 2.4G 4CH 6-Axis Gyro Without Camera Tiean $149.99
1 SJOne Board Preet LPC1758 SJSU Board $80.00
3 ANNONGONE 7.4V 25C 1800mAh LiPo Battery for MJX Bugs Drone 3 ANNONGONE $30.00
4 Quadcopter Spare Parts 4 PCS MJX B3 Propellers for MJX Bugs B3 Drone Remote Control Helicopter 2CW 2CCW Rotor Main Blades Hobbylane $8.00
1 CJMCU-110 Optical Flow Sensor Module APM2.52/2.6 ADNS 3080 Flight Controler $16.00
1 Spektrum DX6E 6Ch Transmitter Spektrum $199.00
1 7.4V 60A PSU $70.00
1 Test Environment Frame for testing Home Depot $15.00
Total Cost (excluding shipping and taxes) $570.00

Design & Implementation

Hardware Design

To make the quadcopter a SJOne board is used on which the flight controller software is developed. This board reads the sensors values and generates the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) pulses to drive the four motors. In this project four KV2300 Sunnysky brushless servo motors are used. 2300KV means that for each one volt applied to the motor it will produce an RPM of 2300. The battery used in this project is 3cell 11.8V which roughly produces 27k rpm. Each of the motors are capable of lifting 500 grams on full throttle.

These motors are very fast so they draw a lot of current which can’t be provided by SJOne board, so too make the motors to spin the output of the SJOne board is fed into an ESC (Electronic Speed Controller). The EMAX ESC used is capabale of delivering 25 Amperes of continuous current for each motor. Wires to connect the motors to the ESC are 18AWG to be able to support the high current that motors are drawing. The battery is directly connected to the ESC which is used to power the four motors and part of it is also regulated to 5Volts which is used as the power source for other on board electronic systems. A separate power distribution board is designed which provides both 5 and 3.3 volts. The ADAFruit sensor board, along with five sonar sensors, and the remote control receiver which operate with 3.3 Volts receive their supply voltage from this board. The SJSU one board is also connected to this board for its 5Volt supply voltage.

A UFO frame with propellers guard (figure xx) is used for this project. This frame is mainly chosen for safety reasons since the propellers spin very fast and can be dangerous. The ADAFruit sensor board uses the I^2 C bus, so it is connected to SDA2 and SCL2 signals of SJOne board. The remote control receiver is connected to the GPIO pins as follows:

No. RC Channel Receiver Channel Description
1 1 1 Pitch
2 2 2 Roll
3 3 3 Yaw
4 4 4 Throttle
5 5 5 Arm/Disarm


The four motors are connected to the PWM enabled GPIO ports of the SJOne board in following order:

No. Pin Motor Direction
1 P2.0 North
2 P2.1 South
3 P2.2 East
4 P2.3 West

Remote Control Transmitter & Receiver

The remote controller is for transmitting throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw angles from the controller to SJOne Board..


We used Spectrum DX6e model, which has 6 available channels and the operating frequency is 2.4GHz.

Channel 1 - Pitch

Channel 2 - Roll

Channel 3 - Throttle

Channel 4 - Yaw

Channel 5 - Arm/Disarm

Channel 6 - Hold position

Figure 2. Remote Controller

Motors

The motors used in this project were originally the stock motors that came with the MJX Bugs 3 Drone, but once the project was switched to one with older parts the motors were SunnySky X2204S KV2300. These motors are quite powerful since they are made for quadcopters weighing a maximum of 1000grams.

Figure 3. Brushless Motors

Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)

The ESCs used in this project were originally the stock ones that came with the MJX Bugs 3 Drone, but event, but once the project was switched to one with older parts the ESC used was the Emax 4-in-1 25amp ESC. It includes four 25amp ESCs in one unit and was strong enough for the SunnySky motors.

Figure 4. Electronic Speed Control

Adafruit 10-DOF Sensor

The Adafruit 10-DOF is a sensor that measures the orientation of the quadcopter. These sensors are important because they provide the necessary information needed to control the quadcopter. Included in the 10-DOF is an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, and a compass. This is the device that is used in conjunction with the SJSUOne board to compute proper angle values and for the remote control to request angles for pitch, roll, and yaw.

Fig. 5 Inertial Measurement Unit

SJSUOne Flight Controller

The SJSUOne board is programmed and configured to be the main flight controller of the quadcopter. The RC receiver, the sensor, and the ESC are all hooked up to the board. Each of these devices are actively working together and are controlled by the board. The receiver takes input from the RC and outputs it into the SJOne board. The board will process the requested PWM and will use this information to control the ESC. It will also process the requested angle of pitch and roll. The sensor readings will be used to process both the requested angle from the RC, and to process the flight stabilization calculations. This microcontroller controls every aspect required for the quadcopter to fly. Every action must first go through the SJOne board. FreeRTOS is extensively used on the board. Many critical actions such as remote control and flight stabilization are set up as tasks. The board will determine the priority given to each task.

Figure 6. SJOne Board

Hardware Interface

Communication protocols used :

  1. UART - Serial communication via Hercules and telemetry.
  2. PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) - Sequence of 6 channels of remote control transmitter signals into receiver on the quadcopter.
  3. Interrupts - Usage of the GPIO ports on the SJSU One board and the timer API to capture the PPM signals from the remote control transmitter to receiver.
  4. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) - Decoding remote control signals into pulse signals the ESC's can use to drive the motors
  5. I2C I/O communication with the Adafruit 10-DOF sensor
  6. SPI I/O communication with the optical flow sensor
Figure 7. PWM Samples

Software Design

Our software utilizes object oriented programming (OOP) concepts. There are many types of "objects" which hold data in our system. For example, mFlightControllerAngles holds the current setpoint angles for all axis, mCurrentAngles holds the current x, y, and z-axis angles, and mMotorValues holds the motor values which will be applied to the motors. There are several different classes which separate the different functions in the system. The lowest level class, MotorControllerIface is an abstract class which contains undefined virtual methods. These virtual methods are defined in inherited classes which will use them. The FlightStabilizer class is responsible for controlling flight parameters using the sensor data and controlling lower-level flight logic. The highest level class, QuadcopterBase, is defined for high-level flight logic such as autonomous GPS flying.

Figure 9. Software Diagram


PID Controller

PID (proportional, integral, and derivative) is a closed-loop control system that tries to get results closer to the desired setpoint by adjusting the inputs of the system. The PID controller calculates an error, which is the difference between the measured variable and desired setpoint. The PID controller tries to minimizes the error throughout the operation. Our system takes the measured sensor data and compares against expected values (from the remote control) to alter the PWM output which will be applied to the ESC's and motors. The PID controller contains 3 separate parameters - proportional, integral, and derivative. P depends on the present, I on the accumulation of past errors, and D is a prediction of future errors based on the current rate of change. A higher P tries harder to stabilize itself - which can result in overshoot if too high. I attempts to reduce error based on past errors. The longer the error persists, then the more I will attempt to correct itself. Too much I can result in oscillations at lower frequencies. D attempts to dampen the system and prevent fast movements. However, too high of a D will also introduce oscillations.

Figure 19. PWM Algorithm Map

Implementation

System Initialization

  1. Get the sensor inputs
  2. Update the flight sensor system data
  3. Update flying logic
  4. Run PID loop
  5. If timing is skewed, light up LED and increment TimingSkewedCount.
  6. If armed, apply motor values. Otherwise, apply value 0 to motors.
  7. if disarmed, reset all PID error values to 0 to avoid wind-up when arming again

Remote Control Signal Decoding

  1. Initialize ports for interrupt on rising and falling edges of inputs (6 channels)
  2. On rising edge of signal, start timer capture.
  3. On falling edge of signal, stop timer capture.
  4. Pulse width = stop - start
  5. Save timer value to their respective channel (pitch, roll, yaw, throttle, arm/disarm, and auxiliary)

Get normalized values of decoded remote control pulse width signals

  1. If throttle, scale from 0 to +100 for 0% to 100% by using a scaling factor and subtracting factor. Apply value to throttle of flight parameters.
  2. Otherwise, scale from -45 degrees to +45 degrees by using a separate scaling factor and subtracting factor. Apply values for requested flight angles.
  3. Set limits to avoid going out of bounds.

Integration

Below are pictures of the actual design and integration of the entire system.

S17 244 Squad Adafruit.jpg S17 244 Squad quad.jpg S17 244 Squad New drone that broke.jpg

Testing & Technical Challenges

PID Tuning Testing Methods

There are several ways to tune for PID. For this project we used brute force to tune the different axes, pitch, roll, and yaw. We designed a single axis gimbal device that would help us to tune a single axis at a time. By allowing freedom of movement along a single plane we can see when the quadcopter reaches its set point.

In order to tune the PID we first started with the Proportional gain. With just this gain applied to the algorithm, the quadcopter would oscillate around the set point at a constant rate. When this constant oscillation was reached, we then started to adjust the derivative gain. The derivative gain causes the steady oscillation already present to be critically damped and eventually settle on the set point.With only PD the quadcopter is already somewhat stable. The reason for including the integral portion is to allow the oscillations to settle faster. This is important since we want the quadcopter to become stable and reach its set point as quickly as possible. When we adjust the integral gain we increase it slowly until we see the quad copter reach its set point after the desired number of oscillations. If we were able to tolerate a higher number of oscillations then the PID controller would react faster and the quadcopter would actually settle on the set point more quickly. However, oscillations can also introduce instability during flight so for our application we are looking for 0 oscillations. Even though it causes us to reach our set point slower, it is a better option for us.

Stable PID Output

Once a stable PID controller has been achieved then any requests from the controller should result in the quadcopter being able to reach stability at the requested angle. Any attempts to knock the quadcopter off the set point causes the quadcopter to quickly return to its intended state.

Issues Faced

Issue 1

PID Tuning to achieve stabilization is the most difficult portion of the project. This involves knowledge of PID controls and how each gain (Proportional, Integral, and Differential) affect the stabilization of the drone.

Issue 2

The original drone that was developed had a mechanical issue either with the ESC or the motor. This happened five days prior to the due date of the project and because we couldn't order another part in time we had to improvise by starting from scratch on an old drone. The old drone only had the motors, ESC, and frame installed. The SJSUOne board, sensors, and power supply had to be moved completely and the PID gains had to be re-tuned all over again. We literally finished an entire semester worth of work in one day.

Issue 3

The optical flow sensor had communication problems at first. The specific part we chose had two options to receive the x-delta and y-delta values : 1) single register reads or 2) motion burst where 6 registers are read sequentially after the command is received. We had to learn the hard way that the motion burst was the more accurate way to receive the data we wanted.

Conclusion

In this project, we utilized many new sensors that have never been used before such as the Adafruit accelerometer sensor, the ESC controller, and the remote transmit/receive sensor. We learned how to interface these new sensor with understanding each sensor's spec. The most important knowledge we have learned is adjusting the PID value in order to stabilize the quadcopter. We have a set of environment to test the drone's stability, and use our self-defined raw command to change the PID value. Finding the proper PID value for quadcopter is the hardest task in this project. We get a very stable PID value from our simulation environment and program into the quadcopter, but the quadcopter still very unstable in the real test. When testing quadcopter outside the room, there many unexpected situation such as wind and turbulence will have an affect on the outdoor flying.

We encountered many hurdles in our first attempt at the quadcopter. We had initially thought that it would be simpler to buy a quadcopter off the shelf and replace the flight controller. This turned out to be a mistake since there was no documentation available for the ESC's. When we ran into trouble with the ESC towards the end of the project there was nothing we could do to debug or resolve the issue. We ended up having to resort to a completely different quadcopter.

When finally achieving stable flight with the quadcopter we realized that any disturbance by the wind would cause it to drift. We turned to the optical flow sensor. Trying to interface with this sensor turned out to be more difficult than we initially thought. We ran into timing issues when trying to read from the registers one at a time and ended up having to read multiple registers in what is called "burst mode."

In the end, we realized that quadcopters are not for the faint of heart, and require a huge amount of time and dedication. However, this was a very rewarding experience since it involved resolving issues stemming from many different engineering disciplines including electrical, mechanical, and software.

Project Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkTlo5t4o04 https://youtu.be/ZWS9cOwkb_o

Project Source Code

References

Acknowledgement

Any acknowledgement that you may wish to provide can be included here.

References Used

http://www.rctoys.com/pr/2009/05/25/all-about-brushless-motors-what-you-need-to-know/

http://blog.oscarliang.net/quadcopter-pid-explained-tuning/

http://blog.opticontrols.com/archives/383

http://robotics.stackexchange.com/questions/167/what-are-good-strategies-for-tuning-pid-loops