Difference between revisions of "Interview Preparation topic : About '''extern''' keyword in C/C++"

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(Created page with "The keyword '''extern''' extends the visibility of the variable or the function to the entire program. <br> By using '''extern''', we can use the variable or function anywhere...")
 
 
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The keyword '''extern''' extends the visibility of the variable or the function to the entire program. <br> By using '''extern''', we can use the variable or function anywhere in the program that may contain one or more files. <br> For example, consider the below C program with files source1.c and source2.c:
 
The keyword '''extern''' extends the visibility of the variable or the function to the entire program. <br> By using '''extern''', we can use the variable or function anywhere in the program that may contain one or more files. <br> For example, consider the below C program with files source1.c and source2.c:
  
−
   /*************** '''source1.c''' **************/  
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 +
   /*************** source1.c **************/  
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   #include <conio.h>
 
   #include <conio.h>
 
    
 
    
−
   ''// Initializing variables var1 and var2''
+
   // Initializing variables var1 and var2
 
   int var1 = 10;
 
   int var1 = 10;
 
   int var2 = 20;  
 
   int var2 = 20;  
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   }
 
   }
 
    
 
    
−
   /*************** '''source2.c''' **************/
+
   /*************** source2.c **************/
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   #include <conio.h>
 
   #include <conio.h>
 
    
 
    
−
   ''// Declaring variables var1 and var2 ''
+
   // Declaring variables var1 and var2  
 
   extern int var1;
 
   extern int var1;
 
   extern int var2;  
 
   extern int var2;  
 
    
 
    
−
   ''// compiler will search for the initialization of the variables var1 and var2''
+
   // compiler will search for the initialization of the variables var1 and var2
−
   ''// Since the variables are declared as extern, the compiler will look for the initialization in source1.c and source2.c''
+
   // Since the variables are declared as extern, the compiler will look for the initialization in source1.c and source2.c
 
    
 
    
 
   int sum()
 
   int sum()
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     return total;
 
     return total;
 
   }
 
   }
−
 
+
</syntaxhighlight>
 
It can be used with all data types: int, float, double, char etc. It is default storage class of all global variables and functions.
 
It can be used with all data types: int, float, double, char etc. It is default storage class of all global variables and functions.
  
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''Example 1'':
 
''Example 1'':
−
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 
  #include <stdio.h>
 
  #include <stdio.h>
−
  int var;              ''//By default it is extern variable''
+
  int var;              //By default it is extern variable
 
  int main()
 
  int main()
 
  {
 
  {
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   return 0;
 
   return 0;
 
  }
 
  }
−
+
</syntaxhighlight>
 
  '''Output: 0'''
 
  '''Output: 0'''
  
 
''Example 2'':
 
''Example 2'':
−
 
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 
  #include <stdio.h>
 
  #include <stdio.h>
−
  extern int var;    ''//extern variable''
+
  extern int var;    //extern variable
 
  int main()
 
  int main()
 
  {
 
  {
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   return 0;
 
   return 0;
 
  }
 
  }
−
   
+
  </syntaxhighlight>
 
  '''Output: Compilation Error. Undefined symbol var'''
 
  '''Output: Compilation Error. Undefined symbol var'''
  
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''Example 3'':
 
''Example 3'':
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 
  #include <stdio.h>
 
  #include <stdio.h>
−
  extern int var = 5;    ''//extern variable''
+
  extern int var = 5;    //extern variable
 
  int main()
 
  int main()
 
  {
 
  {
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   return 0;
 
   return 0;
 
  }
 
  }
−
+
</syntaxhighlight>
 
  '''Output: 5'''
 
  '''Output: 5'''
  
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''Example 4'':
 
''Example 4'':
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   int main()
 
   int main()
 
   {
 
   {
−
     extern int var =10; ''//Initializing extern variable locally.''
+
     extern int var =10; //Initializing extern variable locally.
 
     printf("%d",i);
 
     printf("%d",i);
 
     return 0;
 
     return 0;
 
   }
 
   }
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 
   '''Output: Compilation error: Cannot initialize extern variable.'''
 
   '''Output: Compilation error: Cannot initialize extern variable.'''
  
 
''Example 5:''
 
''Example 5:''
−
 
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   int main()
 
   int main()
 
   {
 
   {
 
     extern int var;  
 
     extern int var;  
−
     int i=10;    ''// Initializing extern variable locally.''
+
     int i=10;    // Initializing extern variable locally.
 
     printf("%d",var);
 
     printf("%d",var);
 
     return 0;
 
     return 0;
 
   }
 
   }
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 
   '''Output: Compilation error: Multiple declaration of variable var.'''
 
   '''Output: Compilation error: Multiple declaration of variable var.'''
  
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''Example 6:''
 
''Example 6:''
−
 
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   #include <stdio.h>
 
   extern int var;
 
   extern int var;
−
   int var=25;    ''//Initializing the variable''
+
   int var=25;    //Initializing the variable
 
    
 
    
 
   int main()
 
   int main()
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     return 0;
 
     return 0;
 
   }
 
   }
−
   int var=20; ''//Initializing the variable''
+
   int var=20; //Initializing the variable
−
 
+
</syntaxhighlight> 
 
   '''Output: Compilation error: Multiple initialization variable var'''
 
   '''Output: Compilation error: Multiple initialization variable var'''

Latest revision as of 09:20, 14 December 2016

The keyword extern extends the visibility of the variable or the function to the entire program.
By using extern, we can use the variable or function anywhere in the program that may contain one or more files.
For example, consider the below C program with files source1.c and source2.c: 

  /*************** source1.c **************/ 
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <conio.h>
  
  // Initializing variables var1 and var2
  int var1 = 10;
  int var2 = 20; 
   
  int main()
  {
    int result;
    result = sum();
    printf ("%d", result);
    return 0;
  }
   
  /*************** source2.c **************/
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <conio.h>
  
  // Declaring variables var1 and var2 
  extern int var1;
  extern int var2; 
  
  // compiler will search for the initialization of the variables var1 and var2
  // Since the variables are declared as extern, the compiler will look for the initialization in source1.c and source2.c
  
  int sum()
  { 
    int total;
    total = var1 + var2;
    return total;
  }

It can be used with all data types: int, float, double, char etc. It is default storage class of all global variables and functions.

Below is an example of declaring a variable with and without extern.

Example 1: 

 
 #include <stdio.h>
 int var;              //By default it is extern variable
 int main()
 {
   printf("%d",var);
   return 0;
 }
Output: 0

Example 2: 

 #include <stdio.h>
 extern int var;    //extern variable
 int main()
 {
   printf("%d",var);
   return 0;
 }
Output: Compilation Error. Undefined symbol var

In example 2, by using extern keyword we have only declared the variable var. So there is no memory allocated for var variable and when we try to access it using printf, we get a compiler error stating undefined symbol. It is necessary to define the variable or allocate memory for extern variable by initializing it as seen below:

Example 3: 

 #include <stdio.h>
 extern int var = 5;    //extern variable
 int main()
 {
   printf("%d",var);
   return 0;
 }
Output: 5

An extern variable can be initialized only globally. We cannot initialize extern variables locally.

Example 4: 

  #include <stdio.h>
  int main()
  {
    extern int var =10; //Initializing extern variable locally.
    printf("%d",i);
    return 0;
  }
 Output: Compilation error: Cannot initialize extern variable.

Example 5: 

  #include <stdio.h>
  int main()
  {
    extern int var; 
    int i=10;     // Initializing extern variable locally.
    printf("%d",var);
    return 0;
  }
 Output: Compilation error: Multiple declaration of variable var.

An extern variable can be declared many times but we can initialize at only one time. For example:

Example 6: 

  #include <stdio.h>
  extern int var;
  int var=25;     //Initializing the variable
  
  int main()
  {
    printf("%d",var);
    return 0;
  }
  int var=20; //Initializing the variable
 Output: Compilation error: Multiple initialization variable var
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