Difference between revisions of "S19: Zeus"

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−
=== Grading Criteria ===
+
== Project Title ==
−
<font color="green">
+
'' Zeus : The Autonomous Car ''
−
*  How well is Software & Hardware Design described?
 
−
*  How well can this report be used to reproduce this project?
 
−
*  Code Quality
 
−
*  Overall Report Quality:
 
−
**  Software Block Diagrams
 
−
**  Hardware Block Diagrams
 
−
**:  Schematic Quality
 
−
**  Quality of technical challenges and solutions adopted.
 
−
</font>
 
  
−
== Project Title ==
+
[[File:ZeusCar.jpg|1000px|middle|ZEUS autonomous car]]
−
''''' Zeus : The Autonomous Car '''''
 
  
 
== Abstract ==
 
== Abstract ==
−
When over a century ago Karl Benz invented the first car, it came as a miracle to people. Now, Almost every household owns a car. The industry has come from a 20 Horse power producing 2.9 liter Ford Model T (1908) to a massive 1500 Horsepower 5 liter Koenigsegg Regera (2018). And as such, further developments into the driving industry are bound to come. One such major field is the realm of Driverless smart cars. This project focuses on developing a driverless smart car(model) that is capable of going from one place to the destination without any manual input, avoiding obstacles along the way.  
+
When over a century ago Karl Benz invented the first car, it came as a miracle to people. Now, almost every household owns a car. The industry has come from a 20 Horsepower producing 2.9 litre Ford Model T (1908) to a massive 1500 Horsepower 5 litre Koenigsegg Regera (2018). And as such, further developments into the driving industry are bound to come. One such major field is the realm of Driverless smart cars. This project focuses on developing a driverless smart car(model) that is capable of going from one place to the destination without any manual input, avoiding obstacles along the way.
  
 
== Objectives & Introduction ==
 
== Objectives & Introduction ==
−
Zeus revolves around several SJone boards that have LPC 1758 at the center......''(continue here)''. Following are the objectives of this project.:
+
Zeus revolves around 5 SJone boards that have LPC 1758 at the center and has many peripherals ranging from motor, GPS and Bluetooth modules connected to them. Each SJOne board has the responsibility to control a specific peripheral. These 5 SJOne boards form the 5 modules of this project viz. Master module, Motor module, BLE module, GPS module, and the sensor module. These individual modules combine together to achieve the objective of this project. Following are the objectives of this project.:
 
* Zeus should successfully navigate from a fixed starting point to a fixed destination based on GPS.
 
* Zeus should successfully navigate from a fixed starting point to a fixed destination based on GPS.
 
* Obstacles on the way should be avoided.
 
* Obstacles on the way should be avoided.
 
* Code should be 100% Unit-Tested
 
* Code should be 100% Unit-Tested
 +
* Communication should be established between Zeus and a mobile phone through an APP.
  
 
== Team Members & Responsibilities ==
 
== Team Members & Responsibilities ==
−
* '''Neel Patel'''
+
[[File:Zeus Team Photo.JPG|thumb|650px|right|Zeus Team Members]]
−
** ''Team Lead''
+
* '''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/neel-patel-806309126/ Neel Patel]<br> '''
−
** '' Wiki Report''
+
** '''''Team Lead'''''
−
* '''Himanshu Gunjal'''
+
** ''Master Module''
 +
** ''Android App''
 +
** ''BLE Module''
 +
* '''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/himanshu-gunjal/ Himanshu Gunjal]<br>'''
 +
** ''Master Module''
 +
** ''BLE Module''
 +
** ''Busmaster and Testing''
 +
* '''Aman Chandan'''
 +
** ''Material/ Components Manager''
 +
** ''GEO module''
 +
* '''Artik Shetty'''
 +
** ''Wiki Report Manager''
 +
** ''Motor Module''
 +
** ''PCB Design''
 +
* '''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/karan-daryani-151095/ Karan Daryani]<br>
 +
** ''Car Layout Designer''
 +
** ''Motor Module''
 +
** ''PCB Design''
 +
* '''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/namdev-prabhugaonkar/ Namdev Prabhugaonkar] <br>                     
 +
** ''GEO module''
 +
** ''PCB Design''
 
* '''Oliver Zhu'''
 
* '''Oliver Zhu'''
 
** ''GIT repository Manager''
 
** ''GIT repository Manager''
−
* '''Aman Chandan'''
+
** ''Sensor Module''
−
** ''Material/ Components manager''
+
* '''Wen Yuen Chao'''
−
* '''Karan Daryani'''
+
** ''Sensor Module''
−
* '''Namdev Prabhugaonkar'''
+
** ''Unit Testing''
−
* '''Artik Shetty'''
 
−
* '''Wendy Chao'''
 
  
 
== Schedule ==
 
== Schedule ==
Line 112: Line 121:
 
|
 
|
 
* Completed
 
* Completed
−
* In-Progress
 
 
* Completed
 
* Completed
−
* In-Progress
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
* Completed
 
* Completed
 
* Completed
 
* Completed
 
|
 
|
 
* 03/05/19
 
* 03/05/19
−
*  
+
* 03/06/19
 
* 03/12/19
 
* 03/12/19
−
*  
+
* 03/20/19
 
* 03/20/19
 
* 03/20/19
 
* 03/05/19
 
* 03/05/19
Line 128: Line 137:
 
| 03/12/19
 
| 03/12/19
 
|  
 
|  
−
*  
+
* Setup Busmaster and demonstrate Busmaster.
 +
* Setup PCAN Dongle with DB9 Connector
 
|  
 
|  
−
*  
+
* Download Busmaster from [https://rbei-etas.github.io/busmaster/ Busmaster]
 +
* Download PCAN drivers from [https://www.gridconnect.com/products/can-usb-adapter-pcan-usb?utm_source=google&utm_medium=CPC&utm_term=&utm_campaign=Shopping%20-%20Adapters%20&mm_campaign=477cea803cb14c83d8a99b6c7d0cd349&keyword=&mkwid=soIFT3o3s_dc|pcrid|259027685951&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI_du317394AIVhRx9Ch3Z9gQYEAQYASABEgIp-PD_BwE PCAN_Driver]
 +
* Demo of Busmaster in Class (Namdev and Aman)
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* 03/10/19
 +
* 03/10/19
 +
* 03/12/19
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| 6
 
! scope="row"| 6
 
| 03/19/19
 
| 03/19/19
 
|  
 
|  
−
*  
+
* Initial DBC File
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Each control module should be able to send and receive the date based on their messages in the DBC
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* 03/15/19
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| 7
 
! scope="row"| 7
 
| 03/26/19
 
| 03/26/19
 
|  
 
|  
−
*  
+
* CAN communication demo with all the modules.
 +
* Steer Car.
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Class Demo to Send and receive messages on CAN bus and display on Busmaster.
−
|
+
* Testing the servo motor with the in built PWM API to steer the car. (Karan and Artik)
−
*  
+
* Collected Xbee module, Display and Rear Sensor from Preet.
 +
|  
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* completed
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* 03/26/19
 +
* 03/24/19
 +
* 03/26/19
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| 8
 
! scope="row"| 8
 
| 04/02/19
 
| 04/02/19
 
|  
 
|  
−
*  
+
* Final Wiki Schedule
 +
* Get Acrylic board and Wire Wrapping board.
 +
* Basic Movement of Car
 
|  
 
|  
−
*  
+
* Finish Assigning task for the remainder semester.
 +
* Mount all 5 SJones on the Car.
 +
* MOTOR: Receive directions from master and move the Car.
 +
* MASTER: DBC file messages for movement of Car.
 +
* ANDROID: Basic Android app using AndroidStudio. (Neel)
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* 04/02/19
 +
* 04/07/19
 +
* 04/07/19
 +
* 04/07/19
 +
* 05/03/19
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| 9
 
! scope="row"| 9
 
| 04/09/19
 
| 04/09/19
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Communication with mobile
 +
* Implement MIA messages
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* BLE: Establish Communication between ECU and Mobile (Neel and Himanshu)
 +
* GPS: Parse GPS data for co-ordinates, update DBC with correct message to send the co-ordinates. Indicate GPS lock using LED.
 +
* MASTER: Turn Car based on GPS data.
 +
* SENSOR: Send Sensor data to Master.
 +
* ANDROID: Incorporate Google Maps to provide the source and destination co-ordinates.(Neel)
 +
* Implement MIA messages from all ECUs.
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* 05/03/19
 +
* 05/01/19
 +
* 05/01/19
 +
* 04/10/19
 +
* 05/01/19
 +
* 04/12/19
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| 9
+
! scope="row"| 10
 
| 04/16/19
 
| 04/16/19
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Project Progress 1 Due
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Demo Car Progress.
 +
* SENSOR: Obstacle avoidance Algorithm. Update DBC message to send obstacle data.
 +
* MASTER: Decision tree to decide where to go based on GPS and SENSOR data.
 +
* GPS: Update DBC message to send compass data to App over bluetooth.
 +
* MOTOR: Ramp Testing. should be able to take ramps into consideration.
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* 04/30/19
 +
* 04/30/19
 +
* 05/07/19
 +
* 05/07/19
 +
* 04/30/19
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| 9
+
! scope="row"|11
 
| 04/23/19
 
| 04/23/19
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Project Progress 2 Due
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Demo Car Progress 2.
 +
* All the modules should be able to communicate with each other.
 +
* The Car should follow GPS directions and avoid obstacles in the way without any user input. Android app should display start and end point coordinates and have successful communication with the ECUs.
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* 05/07/19
 +
* 05/07/19
 +
* 05/07/19
 +
* 05/21/19
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| 9
+
! scope="row"| 12
 
| 04/30/19
 
| 04/30/19
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Preliminary Test
 +
* Fix the encountered issue
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Assign the bugs to the respective team and resolve them.
 +
* Assemble all the components and give final touch to the CAR body.
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* 05/17/19
 +
* 05/21/19
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| 9
+
! scope="row"| 13
 
| 05/07/19
 
| 05/07/19
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Equilibrium Testing
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Testing harmony between all the system modules.
 +
* Checking the response of each module to other modules for different conditions and test scenarios.
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* 05/17/19
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| 9
+
! scope="row"| 14
 
| 05/14/19
 
| 05/14/19
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Final Testing
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Final Testing and Stress Testing
 +
* Body cosmetics and working on other scopes to upgrade
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* Completed
 +
* Completed
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* 05/21/19
 +
* 05/21/19
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| 9
+
! scope="row"| 15
 
| 05/22/19
 
| 05/22/19
 
|
 
|
 
* '''Final Demo'''
 
* '''Final Demo'''
 
|
 
|
−
*  
+
* Demo the car and contest with other teams on the demonstration day.
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* '''Completed'''
 
|
 
|
−
*
+
* '''05/22/19'''
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
== Parts List & Cost ==
 
== Parts List & Cost ==
−
Give a simple list of the cost of your project broken down by components.  Do not write long stories here.
+
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Item#
 +
! scope="col"| Part Description
 +
! scope="col"| Vendor
 +
! scope="col"| Qty
 +
! scope="col"| Cost $
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 1
 +
| RC Car
 +
| [https://sheldonshobbies.com Sheldon's Hobby Store]
 +
| 1
 +
| 180.00
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 2
 +
| SJOne board
 +
| [http://www.socialledge.com/sjsu/index.php?title=Main_Paget Preet]
 +
| 5
 +
| 400.00
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 3
 +
| GPS Module
 +
| [https://www.amazon.com/Adafruit-Ultimate-GPS-Breakout-External/dp/B00I6LZW4O/ref=sr_1_4?crid=22EGT9P9Q666T&keywords=adafruit+gps&qid=1558305812&s=gateway&sprefix=adafruoit+%2Caps%2C237&sr=8-4 Amazon]
 +
| 1
 +
| 62.99
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 4
 +
| Lipo Battery (7200 mAh)
 +
| [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B071D4J7VV/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o05_s01?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Amazon]
 +
| 1
 +
| 37.99
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 5
 +
| DB9 Connector
 +
| [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B074Z55GPN/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o05_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Amazon]
 +
| 1
 +
| 6.50
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 6
 +
| LIPO Battery Charger
 +
| [https://sheldonshobbies.com Sheldon's Hobby Store]
 +
| 1
 +
| 39.99
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 7
 +
| Ultrasonic sensor
 +
| [https://www.robotshop.com/en/maxbotix-ez4-ultrasonic-ranger.html Robotshop]
 +
| 4
 +
| 99.80
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 8
 +
| PCB
 +
| [https://www.frys.com/ Fry's Electronics]
 +
| 1
 +
| 12
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 9
 +
| CAN Transceiver
 +
| [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00KM6XMXO/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o09_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Amazon]
 +
| 5
 +
| 49.95
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 10
 +
| LCD Display
 +
| Obtained From Preet
 +
| 1
 +
| Free
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 11
 +
| Xbee
 +
| Obtained From Preet
 +
| 1
 +
| Free
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 12
 +
| Adapter for Lipo Charger
 +
| [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B073QTNF9F/ref=ox_ya_os_product Amazon]
 +
| 1
 +
| 15.84
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== CAN BUS Design ==
 +
CAN Communication is used to communicate between all the boards and it requires the bus to be terminated using two 120 Ohm resistors. CAN is a very deterministic broadcast bus. Based on the .dbc file, each module will transmit only selected messages. Receiving of the messages is enabled by filtering. The module can be configured to receive all messages or receive selected messages. Given below are features of CAN bus:
 +
* Standard baud rate of 100K, 125K, 250K, 500k or 1M
 +
* Differential Pair - Half duplex
 +
 
 +
==== Working of CAN bus ====
 +
A CAN frame has the following data:
 +
* 4 bits for Data Length Code
 +
* Remote Transmission Request
 +
* ID extend bit
 +
* Message ID (11 bit or 29 bit)
 +
 
 +
For CAN we require a transceiver(unlike) other BUSes. This transceiver converts the Rx and Tx lines to a single differential pair. where Logic 1( recessive) is represented by a ZERO volt difference and Logic 0(dominant) is represented by 2V difference.
 +
 
 +
'''Arbitration''' happens in can bus to make sure no two nodes are transmitting at the same time. A lower Message-ID has a Higher priority on the CAN bus since 0 is the dominant bit.
 +
 
 +
To make sure that a node does not put a lot of consecutive 1s or 0s together '''Bit Stuffing''' is done, where the CAN HW ''stuffs'' extra bits to improve CAN BUS integrity. Our project's overall design is described below.
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[ File: Can_interface.png|frame|centre|600px|CAN Interface]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<br clear= all>
 +
 
 +
==== Hardware Components ====
 +
 
 +
[[File:CMPE 243 Zeus-can-board.jpg|200px|thumb|right|CAN Transceiver]]
 +
 
 +
We connected a play and plug Waveshare CAN Transceivers Board for CAN Communication with our SjOne Boards. This Board works on 3.3V and connects to the CAN Rx and CAN Tx Pins of the SjOne Board. This Board then converts the signal to CAN High and CAN Low signal. This board itself has terminating resistors, thus when we connect 5 of them in one bus we bypass the terminating resistors present on the board itself and just use 120 ohms of terminating resistor at each end. This board has TI Chip installed on it and works flawlessly when interfaced with SjOne boards.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+ CAN Transceiver Pin Connection
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| S.No
 +
! scope="col"| Pin No. (SJOne Board)
 +
! scope="col"| Pin No. (CAN Transceivers)
 +
! scope="col"| Functions
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 1.
 +
| CAN Tx (P0.0)
 +
| CAN Rx
 +
| SjOne Tx to CAN Rx
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 2.
 +
| CAN Rx (P0.1)
 +
| CAN Tx
 +
| SjOne Rx to CAN Tx
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 3.
 +
| 3.3V Out
 +
| 3.3V
 +
| Vcc
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 3.
 +
| GND
 +
| GND
 +
| GND
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==== CAN Communication Table ====
 +
The table indicates the messages based on the transmitter.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Sr. No
 +
! scope="col"| Message ID
 +
! scope="col"| Message function
 +
! scope="col"| Receivers
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="4"| Master Controller Commands
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|101
 +
|Master System Command for motor direction (forward/reverse), speed (m/sec) and steer for the motor.
 +
|Motor
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|900
 +
|Debug message for sensor values
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|905
 +
|Debug for obstacle flags
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="4"| Sensor Controller Commands
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|4
 +
|121
 +
|Obstacle Data for the front left and right sensor
 +
|Master
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="4"| BLE Controller Commands
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|5
 +
|181
 +
|Start & stop command for master
 +
|Master
 +
|-
 +
|6
 +
|182
 +
|Destination latitude and longitude from App
 +
|GPS
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="4"| Geo Controller Commands
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|7
 +
|141
 +
|Direction values from the GPS for master.
 +
|Master
 +
|-
 +
|8
 +
|191
 +
|Heading value
 +
|Motor
 +
|-
 +
|9
 +
|901
 +
|Debug current latitude and longitude
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|10
 +
|902
 +
|Start Debug compass
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|11
 +
|904
 +
|Debug for the difference in distance and heading
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|12
 +
|899
 +
|Bearing Debug
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|13
 +
|898
 +
|Debug checkpoint
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|14
 +
|897
 +
|Next Co-ordinate
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|15
 +
|896
 +
|Number of checkpoints
 +
|Motor
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="4"| Motor Controller Commands
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|16
 +
|903
 +
|Debug motor to show current and required speed
 +
|DBG
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== DBC File ==
 +
DBC file is designed based on the designed CAN messages and signals. Preet's python script is used to auto-generate CAN communication-related structures and functions. Each module will generate its specific generated_can.h by changing the module name in 'pre_build.sh' file.
 +
The following is the example of pre-build script for the master module.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
                  python ../_can_dbc/dbc_parse.py -i ../../snf.dbc -s MASTER > ../_can_dbc/generated_can.h
 +
 +
 
 +
 
 +
The DBC file for the project is as shown below:
 +
 
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 +
 
 +
VERSION ""
 +
NS_ :
 +
    BA_
 +
    BA_DEF_
 +
    BA_DEF_DEF_
 +
    BA_DEF_DEF_REL_
 +
    BA_DEF_REL_
 +
    BA_DEF_SGTYPE_
 +
    BA_REL_
 +
    BA_SGTYPE_
 +
    BO_TX_BU_
 +
    BU_BO_REL_
 +
    BU_EV_REL_
 +
    BU_SG_REL_
 +
    CAT_
 +
    CAT_DEF_
 +
    CM_
 +
    ENVVAR_DATA_
 +
    EV_DATA_
 +
    FILTER
 +
    NS_DESC_
 +
    SGTYPE_
 +
    SGTYPE_VAL_
 +
    SG_MUL_VAL_
 +
    SIGTYPE_VALTYPE_
 +
    SIG_GROUP_
 +
    SIG_TYPE_REF_
 +
    SIG_VALTYPE_
 +
    VAL_
 +
    VAL_TABLE_
 +
BS_:
 +
BU_: DBG BLE GPS MOTOR SENSOR MASTER
 +
 
 +
BO_ 90 MASTER_HEARTBEAT: 1 MASTER
 +
SG_ MASTER_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MOTOR, SENSOR, GPS
 +
 
 +
BO_ 91 MOTOR_HEARTBEAT: 1 MOTOR
 +
SG_ MOTOR_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 +
 +
BO_ 92 SENSOR_HEARTBEAT: 1 SENSOR
 +
SG_ SENSOR_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 +
 
 +
BO_ 93 GPS_HEARTBEAT: 1 GPS
 +
SG_ GPS_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, BLE
 +
 +
BO_ 94 BLE_HEARTBEAT: 1 BLE
 +
SG_ BLE_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, GPS
 +
 
 +
BO_ 101 MOTOR_COMMAND: 3 MASTER
 +
SG_ STEER_cmd : 0|8@1- (1,0) [-2|2] "" MOTOR
 +
SG_ SPEED_cmd : 8|8@1- (0.1,0) [0|3.0] "m/s" MOTOR
 +
SG_ DIRECTION_cmd : 16|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MOTOR
 +
 +
BO_ 121 SENSOR_SONARS: 8 SENSOR
 +
SG_ SENSOR_SONARS_LEFT : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 +
SG_ SENSOR_SONARS_MIDDLE : 8|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 +
SG_ SENSOR_SONARS_RIGHT : 16|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 +
 
 +
BO_ 141 DIRECTION_GPS: 2 GPS
 +
SG_ DIRECTION_VAL : 0|8@1- (1,0) [-2|2] "" MASTER
 +
SG_ DESTINATION_REACHED : 8|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 +
 
 +
BO_ 161 SPEED_MOTOR: 2 MOTOR
 +
SG_ MOTOR_SPEED : 0|12@1+ (0.001,0) [0|0] "mph" MASTER
 +
 +
BO_ 181 APP_DATA: 8 BLE
 +
SG_ START_CAR : 0|2@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, DBG
 +
 
 +
BO_ 182 APP_DATA_LAT_LONG: 8 BLE
 +
SG_ DEST_LAT : 0|26@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, GPS
 +
SG_ DEST_LONG : 26|27@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, GPS
 +
 +
BO_ 191 HEADING: 4 GPS
 +
SG_ HEADING_VAL : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [0|0] "" MOTOR, DBG
 +
 
 +
BO_ 900 DEBUG_MASTER: 8 MASTER
 +
SG_ MASTER_LEFT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 +
SG_ MASTER_MIDDLE_cmd : 8|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 +
SG_ MASTER_RIGHT_cmd : 16|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 +
 +
BO_ 901 DEBUG_GPS: 8 GPS
 +
SG_ CURR_LAT : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [36.000000|38.000000] "" DBG
 +
SG_ CURR_LONG : 32|32@1+ (0.000001,-123) [-123.000000|-120.000000] "" DBG
 +
 
 +
BO_ 902 DEBUG_COMPASS: 2 GPS
 +
  SG_ HEADING : 0|16@1+ (1,0) [0|360] "degrees" DBG
 +
 
 +
BO_ 903 DEBUG_MOTOR: 3 MOTOR
 +
SG_ CURR_SPEED : 0|8@1+ (0.01,0) [0|0] "m/s" DBG
 +
SG_ REQD_SPEED : 8|8@1+ (0.01,0) [0|0] "m/s" DBG
 +
SG_ RPM_VALUE : 16|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 +
 
 +
BO_ 904 DEBUG_NAVIGATION: 8 GPS
 +
SG_ DIST_DIFF : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [0|0] "m" DBG
 +
SG_ HEAD_DIFF : 32|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [0|0] "Degrees" DBG
 +
 +
BO_ 905 DEBUG_OBSTACLE_FLAGS: 1 MASTER
 +
SG_ LEFT : 0|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 +
SG_ FRONT : 1|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 +
SG_ RIGHT : 2|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 +
 
 +
BO_ 899 DEBUG_BEARING: 4 GPS
 +
SG_ BEARING : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [0|0] "degrees" DBG,MOTOR
 +
 +
BO_ 898 DEBUG_CHECKPOINT: 1 GPS
 +
SG_ INDEX : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 +
 +
BO_ 897 NXT_COORD: 8 GPS
 +
SG_ LAT : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [36.000000|38.000000] "" DBG
 +
SG_ LONG : 32|32@1+ (0.000001,-123) [-123.000000|-120.000000] "" DBG
 +
 
 +
CM_ BU_ DRIVER "The driver controller driving the car";
 +
CM_ BU_ MOTOR "The motor controller of the car";
 +
CM_ BU_ SENSOR "The sensor controller of the car";
 +
CM_ BU_ BLE "The bluetooth controller of car";
 +
CM_ BU_ GPS "The GPS controller of the car";
 +
CM_ BO_ 100 "Sync message used to synchronize the controllers";
 +
 
 +
BA_DEF_ "BusType" STRING ;
 +
BA_DEF_ BO_ "GenMsgCycleTime" INT 0 0;
 +
BA_DEF_ SG_ "FieldType" STRING ;
 +
 
 +
BA_DEF_DEF_ "BusType" "CAN";
 +
BA_DEF_DEF_ "FieldType" "";
 +
BA_DEF_DEF_ "GenMsgCycleTime" 0;
 +
 
 +
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 500 100;
 +
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 100 1000;
 +
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 101 100;
 +
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 400 100;
 +
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 200 100;
 +
BA_ "FieldType" SG_ 500 DBC_TEST1_enum "DBC_TEST1_enum";
 +
BA_ "FieldType" SG_ 100 DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd "DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd";
 +
VAL_ 500 DBC_TEST1_enum 2 "DBC_TEST1_enum_val_two" 1 "DBC_TEST1_enum_val_one" ;
 +
VAL_ 100 DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd 2 "DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd_REBOOT" 1 "DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd_SYNC" 0 "DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd_NOOP" ;
 +
 
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
 
 +
==== Can Bus analyzer ====
 +
 
 +
The PCAN-USB adapter enables simple connection to CAN networks. Bus Master software has been used to read and debug CAN messages.
 +
Bus Master requires DBC file to be converted to a .dbf file. The messages can be viewed in a very detailed format in the Bus Master. The bus master along with PCAN dongle is very useful in debugging the CAN communication. It is also possible to record the logs of communication.
 +
 
 +
[[ File: PCAN dongle.jpeg|thumb|center|300px|PCAN Dongle]] <br>
 +
 
 +
[[ File: Bus_Master.png|thumb|center|1000px|Snapshot of the CAN messages on the Bus Master tool]]
 +
 
 +
== Motor & I/O Controller==
 +
==== Group Members ====
 +
*'''''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/artikshetty/ Artik Shetty]<br> '''''
 +
*'''''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/karan-daryani-151095/ Karan Daryani]<br> '''''
 +
 
 +
Motor and I/O controller is one of the five controller in the autonomous car. It is responsible for car's steering, movement, input commands and to display critical information regarding the car. The controller is connected to different hardware modules that take care of the mentioned features. These modules comprise of servo motor which is used for steering, electronic speed controller for controlling the DC motor which in turn controls the movements of the car and a touch-screen LCD display for data input and to display critical information. These modules are explained in further detail in hardware interface section of the Motor & I/O Controller below.
 +
 
 +
=== Design & Implementation ===
 +
 
 +
To design the motor controller to control servo and dc motor, research on required duty cycle was done. The dc motor can rotate with different speed based on the duty of the PWM signal. For our design we have three different speeds at which the car can move forward. In addition to the forward movement of the car we also have a reverse movement. All of these speeds in forward and backward direction require different PWM duty cycle. Based on this analysis, research of specific duty cycle required for each speed level was done using an oscilloscope. Similarly, for steering control different duty cycle is required to position the wheel in certain direction. Since we have five different wheel positions , we required five different duty cycle to perform these position control.
  
−
== Design & Implementation ==
+
Furthermore, research on speed sensor was done using oscilloscope to find the behavior of signal that the sensor generates. By probing the signal wire on the speed sensor we found out that with every revolution the sensor sends out a pulse in the signal wire. Based on this analysis we designed an interrupt based pulse reader that tells exactly how many rotation the wheel took within a minute. Using this data we calculate our actual car speed.
−
The design section can go over your hardware and software design. Organize this section using sub-sections that go over your design and implementation.
 
  
 
=== Hardware Design ===
 
=== Hardware Design ===
−
Discuss your hardware design here. Show detailed schematics, and the interface here.
+
The motor and I/O controller hardware design consists of SJOne microcontroller board connected to servo motor, electronics speed control, LCD module and LED lights. Servo motor and electronics speed control are connected to the microcontroller using PWM signal. The touch screen LCD is connected to the microcontroller board using UART interface. The LED lights are connected to the board using GPIO interface. The electronic speed controller is powered using the 6v power supply from the car battery pack. The servo motor for steering control is power on using 5V from the power bank. The touch screen LCD module is also powered on using the 5V using the power bank.<br>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Motor module Block diagram.PNG|600px|thumb|center|Block Diagram for Motor module]]
 +
 
 +
[[File:Motor_Schematic.png|700px|thumb|center|Schematic diagram for Motor module with all connections]]
  
 
=== Hardware Interface ===
 
=== Hardware Interface ===
−
In this section, you can describe how your hardware communicates, such as which BUSes used. You can discuss your driver implementation here, such that the '''Software Design''' section is isolated to talk about high level workings rather than inner working of your project.
+
 
 +
====Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)====
 +
 
 +
[[File:Xl-5 esc Zeuss.jpg|300px|thumb|right|ESC: Waterproof XL-5 ESC with low-voltage detection (#TRA3018)]]
 +
 
 +
The Electronic Speed Controller is a component used for feeding PWM signal to a DC motor to control the speed at which it rotates. In addition to the speed it also controls the direction in which the motor rotates. These features help the car move forward and reverse and do these in different speeds. From the diagram below you can see the ESC has three color coded wires that are used for PWM signal(WHITE Color), VCC(RED Color) and GND(BLACK Color). These three color coded wires connect to the SJOne micro-controller board and power bank used in the car. There are also two wires coded red and black that have wire adapter at the end  connect to the battery pack. The other two red and black wire connect directly to the DC Motor. The ESC also has a EZ Set button to switch between different speed modes, calibrate the speed and steering, and most important of all switch on the ESC itself. Please refer to the documentation provided by TRAXXAS for using the ESC.
 +
 
 +
* [https://traxxas.com/sites/default/files/58034-58024-OM-N-EN-R02_0.pdf Switch Between Speed Modes (Training/Race/Sport)]
 +
* [https://traxxas.com/support/Programming-Your-Traxxas-Electronic-Speed-Control Calibrate Speed and Steering]
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+ ESC Pin Connection
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| S.No
 +
! scope="col"| Wires on (ESC)
 +
! scope="col"| Description
 +
! scope="col"| Wire Color Code
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 1.
 +
| (+)ve
 +
| Connects to DC Motor (+)ve
 +
| RED
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 2.
 +
| (-)ve
 +
| Connects to DC Motor (-)ve
 +
| BLACK
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 3.
 +
| (+)ve
 +
| Connects to (+)ve of Battery
 +
| RED
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 4.
 +
| (-)ve
 +
| Connects to (-)ve of Battery
 +
| BLACK
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 5.
 +
| P2.1 (PWM2)
 +
| PWM Signal From SJOne
 +
| WHITE
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 6.
 +
| NC
 +
| NC
 +
| RED
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 7.
 +
| (-)ve
 +
| Negetive terminal
 +
| BLACK
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
====DC Motor====
 +
 
 +
[[File:Motor titan 12T Zeus.jpg|300px|thumb|right|DC Motor: Titan® 12T 550 (12-turn) (#TRA3785)]]
 +
 
 +
The DC motor is the primary component that controls the rotation of the car wheel. Based on the direction of the current flow to the motor it rotates the wheel in forward or backward direction. Also, based on the amount of current flow to the motor, it controls the speed at which the wheels rotate. In the figure below you can see the DC motor has two wire, red and black for (+)ve and (-)ve connection respectively. For forward movement of the wheels the current flows from (+)ve to (-)ve. For reverse movement the current flows from (-)ve and (+)ve. For controlling the speed of the wheel the motor is fed with different amount of current from the ESC, which is controlled based on the duty cycle fed to ESC.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+ DC Motor Pin Connection
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| S.No
 +
! scope="col"| Wires on (ESC)
 +
! scope="col"| Description
 +
! scope="col"| Wire Color Code
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 1.
 +
| (+)ve
 +
| Positive Terminal
 +
| RED
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 2.
 +
| (-)ve
 +
| Negetive terminal
 +
| BLACK
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
====Servo Motor====
 +
 
 +
[[File:Traxxas servo Zeus.jpg|300x300px|thumb|right|SERVO MOTOR: Traxxas Waterproof Digital Ball Bearing Servo (#TRA2075)]]
 +
 
 +
The servo motor is the component responsible for the steering of the car. The servo motor is controlled directly from the SJOne micro-controller board. It has three color coded wire white, red and black which are used for PWM signal, 5 Volts and GND respectively. Based on the duty cycle of the signal sent to the servo, it rotates in left/right direction. The PWM signal fed to the servo motor is of frequency 100Hz. Detailed duty cycle values and corresponding steering position are provided in the software design section.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+ Servo Motor Pin Connection
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| S.No
 +
! scope="col"| Pin No. (SJOne Board)
 +
! scope="col"| Function
 +
! scope="col"| Wire Color Code
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 1.
 +
| P2.3 (PWM4)
 +
| PWM Signal
 +
| WHITE
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 2.
 +
| VCC
 +
| 5 Volts
 +
| RED
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 3.
 +
| GND
 +
| 0 volts
 +
| BLACK
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Cmpe243_F16_Titans_RPM_TRIGGER_MAGNET.jpg|200x300px|thumb|right|RPM TRIGGER MAGNET: Traxxas Trigger Magnet Holders/Spur Gear (#TRA6538)]]
 +
 
 +
====Speed Sensor====
 +
 
 +
The speed sensor is one of the hardware component used in the autonomous car for sensing the speed of the car and feeding the information to SJOne microcontroller. The sensor is installed in the gear compartment of the Traxxas car along with the magnet trigger. When the magnet attached to the spur gear rotates along with the gear it passes the hall-effect RPM sensor after every revolution. As soon as the magnet comes in front of the sensor the sensor sends a pulse on the signal line which is color coded as white. The other color coded wires red and black are used for VCC and GND to power the sensor. The sensor is powered using the 5 volts power supply from the power bank.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+ Speed Sensor Pin Connection
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| S.No
 +
! scope="col"| Pin No. (SJOne Board)
 +
! scope="col"| Function
 +
! scope="col"| Wire Color Code
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 1.
 +
| P2.6
 +
| GPIO (INPUT)
 +
| WHITE
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 2.
 +
| VCC
 +
| 5 Volts
 +
| RED
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 3.
 +
| GND
 +
| 0 volts
 +
| BLACK
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
[[File:CmpE243 F17 RPM Sensor.jpg|150x200px|thumb|right|RPM SENSOR: Traxxas Sensor RPM Short 3x4mm BCS (#TRA6522)]]
 +
 
 +
==== IO module ====
 +
IO module consists of touch LCD for displaying critical information, head lights, brake lights and running lights. The LCD is interfaced to UART3 of the micro controller. The lights are interfaced via the GPIO pins.
 +
The below figure shows how the LCD and the Headlights are connected to the motor module. All nodes broadcast data on CAN bus. Motor node receives, converts it into LCD format and displays on LCD.<br>
 +
 
 +
[[File:LCD headlights zeus.png|center|565px|thumb|Block Diagram for I/O Peripherals]]
 +
 
 +
<br>
  
 
=== Software Design ===
 
=== Software Design ===
−
Show your software design.  For example, if you are designing an MP3 Player, show the tasks that you are using, and what they are doing at a high level.  Do not show the details of the code.  For example, do not show exact code, but you may show psuedocode and fragments of code.  Keep in mind that you are showing DESIGN of your software, not the inner workings of it. 
 
  
−
=== Implementation ===
+
==== Motor Controller ====
−
This section includes implementation, but again, not the details, just the high level.  For example, you can list the steps it takes to communicate over a sensor, or the steps needed to write a page of memory onto SPI Flash.  You can include sub-sections for each of your component implementation.
+
Software design for the motor controller consist of different software modules that control speed, steering, inputs and outputs interface using touch screen LCD, and sensing the speed of the car. Controlling speed, steering and sensing speed is done using 10Hz periodic loop. On the other hand the code for LCD input and output run as a task that get scheduled in between the 10Hz periodic scheduler.
 +
 
 +
The second phase of the motor controlling is maintaining a constant speed i,e., to find out the speed at which it is running and control the car based on the speed at which it is traveling. This comes in handy when the car has a destination that goes uphill. This operation can be called as speed controlling. This operation is done with the help of a speed sensor that can be fixed either on to the wheel or on to the transmission box of the car.
 +
 
 +
==== DC Motor and Servo Motor ====
 +
 
 +
Software design for the speed control and steering control is done using 5Hz and 10Hz periodic loop respectively. The periodic loop consists of two switch cases, one switch case for speed control and another one for steering control. For speed control, switch cases are for stop, 'slow' speed, 'medium' speed, 'fast' speed, and reverse. For steering control, the switch cases are for the positions of the wheel that are  'hard' left,  'slight' left, center, 'slight' right and 'hard' right. After the CAN message for speed and steering are decoded, the values are fed into switch cases for speed and steering control. Based on the values of the steering and speed sent by the master, motor controller takes action. Below flowchart are for steering control and speed control, which shows a command being received from master which is then used in a switch case to choose between different steering positions and speeds. The provided gif here shows change in five steering positions and their respective PWM duty cycle applied to the servo motor. The macro defined for the duty cycle below are percentage of the duty cyle for PWM signal applied to the servo. For our design these are X percentage of 100Hz, which is the frequency of the PWM signal used to control the servo motor.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! align="center"|No.
 +
! align="center"|PWM
 +
! align="center"|Direction
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" align="center"|1
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|5
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|Full Left
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" align="center"|2
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|6
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|Slight Left
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" align="center"|4
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|7
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|Straight
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" align="center"|6
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|8
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|Slight Right
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row" align="center"|7
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|9
 +
| scope="row" align="center"|Full Right
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
[[File:Servo flowchart zeus.png|350px|thumb|left|Steering Control Flowchart]]
 +
[[File:Dc_motor_flowchart.png|400px|thumb|right|Speed, Forward and Reverse selection Flowchart]]
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
==== RPM Sensor ====
 +
 
 +
The RPM sensor code calculates the revolution of the spur gear every 50 ms. It calculates the revolution based on the interrupt signal generated on the GPIO pin connected to the SJOne board. The function for calculating the number of revolution is called from inside the switch case for slow speed shown in the speed control flowchart. The formula used to calculate speed in m/s is shown below.
 +
 
 +
Formula used for calculating mph:
 +
 
 +
    const float D = 0.1; /* d = 2*r = 10 cm = 0.1 m */
 +
    const float PI = 3.14159265;
 +
    const float HZ = 20.0;
 +
    sensorspeed = HZ * D * PI * rpm;
 +
 
 +
Other than providing the speed at which the car is moving, the RPM sensor has another critical functionality which is the speed control. For constant speed control we have implemented a Proportional, Integral & Derivative (PID) controller that takes care of speed control up and down any slope which would otherwise be variable due to gravity. Based on the output from the PID controller, the PWM duty cycle is added to the duty cycle already provided for slow speed. If the actual speed calculated using the RPM sensor is less than the set speed (slow speed),case during uphill, the error is positive. So in this case the PID controller increments the the duty cycle to reach the set speed. On the other hand when the actual speed is more than that of the set speed, which is the case during downhill, the error is negative so the PID controller tries to decrease the duty cycle in order to reduce the speed down to the set speed. Although, our actual PID controller code contains lot of filters to confine speed within safe limits , but sometimes while downhill we need to use braking to control the speed of the car.
 +
 
 +
    error = spd_value - sensorspeed;
 +
    pid.error = error;
 +
    pid.integral += error;
 +
    pid.derivative = error - pid.prev_error;
 +
    pid.prev_error = error;
 +
    pwm += (Kp * pid.error) + (Ki * pid.integral) + (Kd * pid.derivative);
 +
 
 +
==== IO module ====
 +
Since motor's functional information is critical, the LCD uses UART as a communication medium to transmit messages. The LCD and lights working in the software is
 +
designed as low priority tasks. Even though UART takes a long time to process, it will not clog the periodic tasks.<br>
 +
 
 +
The LCD is interfaced early in the project since it aids in debugging while the car is on the move. Critical information such as sensor readings, motor speed, compass direction, GPS coordinates, the degree to turn and distance to the destination are displayed on the LCD. The below screens show the information displayed on the LCD.<br>
 +
 
 +
===== LCD screens =====
 +
{|
 +
|[[File:Start Screen.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Welcome Screen]]
 +
|[[File:LCD SCREEN WHEN STOPPED.JPG|thumb|300px|none|Stop Command from App]]
 +
|[[File:Zeus.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Start Command from App]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== Technical Challenges ===
 +
 
 +
* '''Car Moving Too Fast While Downhill'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' In spite of controlling speed using RPM sensor, the car was not in control while on a downhill.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' After trying all possible solutions we could think of, we applied a brake momentarily at the start to reduce the sudden increase in PWM and then controlled the car based on the inclination. Also, made sure that if PWM value went below a certain range, then no brake was applied to the car.
 +
 
 +
* '''Car Not Going in Reverse'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' Although the PWM given to the car was ideal for making the Car go reverse. There was some issue with the car and it did not go reverse at all.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' When checked with the transmitter/remote, I was seen that for the car to go reverse we had to first give a reverse signal then a stop signal and again a reverse signal. We implemented this easily with a simple block of code and manage to get the ESC working.
 +
 
 +
* '''Servo Movements were slow'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' Proper PWM Signals was given to the servo for going left or right but the movements were too slow.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' Previously the Servo was running at 3.3v. After checking its manual realised that the servo works better and swift with 5v. Thus powered the servo motor with 5v and it started working promptly.
 +
 
 +
* '''PWM being initialised at 1.9kHz instead of 50Hz'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' Initialised the PWM Peripherals to 50Hz. But when checked on the same on a Digital Oscilloscope the value was 1.9kHZ.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' When reviewing the code we realised that we have initialised the PWM peripheral but that code was not actually executed. We solved this by using a pointer instance of the PWM and initialising the PWM Signal in the motor init function.
 +
 
 +
PWM *SERVO_MOTOR, *DC_MOTOR;
 +
 +
  void motor_init(void)
 +
{
 +
    SERVO_MOTOR = new PWM(PWM::pwm1); /* P2.0 and 50Hz */
 +
    DC_MOTOR = new PWM(PWM::pwm2); /* P2.1 and 50Hz */
 +
}
 +
 
 +
After doing initialisation using a pointer we were able to get proper 50Hz Signal for PWM Peripherals.
 +
 
 +
* '''PID Tuning'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:''  In order for the motor speed to reach a stable value, quickly, and with no oscillations, the PID control loop needs to have the correct coefficients so that the motor responds to disturbances appropriately.  Finding these correct coefficients is called "tuning" the PID.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' By propping the car up in the air and adding a PID tuning CLI to the SJOne console, the PID was tuned as in the steps listed in the Software Implementation.  Tuning the PID requires taking time to test the car at different speeds, with different disturbances, and with different PID coefficients until the driver motor reacts as desired.
 +
 
 +
== Geographical Controller ==
 +
'''Team Members:'''
 +
*'''''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/aman-chandan-ba0716161/ Aman Chandan]<br> '''''
 +
*'''''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/namdev-prabhugaonkar/ Namdev Prabhugaonkar]<br> '''''
 +
 
 +
The main purpose of the geographical controller is to guide the car towards its destination. This is done by processing data from the GPS and Compass module in order to get the Heading, Bearing, and Distance.
 +
The compass will allow the user to calculate the Heading, which tells us which direction the car is pointing relative to magnetic north or simply, "Which way the car is pointing"?
 +
The GPS will allow the user to get the current coordinates of the car, which will be useful when calculating the Bearing and Distance.
 +
The Bearing tells us the direction from the current location to a checkpoint coordinate, and is given as the angle between the location and the current location of the car.
 +
The Distance tells us how many meters away the current checkpoint is. Essentially, How far away are we from our destination?
 +
 
 +
The geographical controller is also responsible for:<br>
 +
1. Parse the data from GPS and Compass module.<br>
 +
2. Navigate a path towards the destination using the nearest checkpoint<br>
 +
2. Navigate to nearest checkpoints and to set course towards the nest checkpoint along the path towards the destination . <br>
 +
3. Setting up the heading of the car towards the direction of the next checkpoint .<br>
 +
 
 +
=== Hardware Design ===
 +
 
 +
[[File:CMPE243 S19 ZEUS geo block diagram.jpg|500px|center]]
 +
 
 +
=====Pin Configuration: =====
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Sl. No
 +
! scope="col"| Pin on SJOne Board
 +
! scope="col"| Pin on CMPS12
 +
! scope="col"| Purpose
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|SDA
 +
|SDA
 +
|Serial Data pin from SJONE to CMPS12
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|SCL
 +
|SCL
 +
|Clock signal from SJONE to CMPS12
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|5V
 +
|VCC
 +
|5V voltage supply
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|4
 +
|GND
 +
|GND
 +
|Ground
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Sl. No
 +
! scope="col"| Pin on SJOne Board
 +
! scope="col"| Pin on Adafruit Ultimate GPS Breakout
 +
! scope="col"| Purpose
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|TXD3
 +
|RXD
 +
|Transmit using UART3(TXD3) to Adafruit Ultimate GPS Breakout
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|RXD3
 +
|TXD
 +
|Receive using UART3(RXD3) from Adafruit Ultimate GPS Breakout
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|5V
 +
|VCC
 +
|5V voltage supply
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|4
 +
|GND
 +
|GND
 +
|Ground
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== Hardware Interface ===
 +
 
 +
'''CAN Bus'''
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
The CAN bus interface allows the geographical controller to send and receive data from other microcontrollers on the bus. For example, the geographical controller will send requests to the master controller to tell it to turn right, left, or keep straight in order to reach the set checkpoints. The geographical controller will plan a path towards the destination using the closest checkpoint towards the destination path and then send the steer commands to be taken in order to  to steer towards the destination.
 +
 
 +
'''MTK3339 Ultimate GPS'''
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
The MTK3339 Ultimate GPS module from Adafruit was chosen because it is a plug and play device and gives consistent GPS string The main purpose of the GPS module is to provide an accurate location of the car while the car navigates towards its destination. This is done by parsing NMEA sentences, which are transmitted by up to 66 satellites to pinpoint the current location of the module. There are various different types of NMEA sentences, such as $GPRMC and $GPGGA. The NMEA sentence that was used was $GPGGA, which provides only the recommended minimum. The module is interfaced via '''UART''' with a baud-rate set to 57600bps. The module also comes with a fix LED, which indicates if a GPS fix by blinking every 15 seconds, if not, it blinks every 1Hz. The module is powered by 3.3V from the SJOne board.
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
[[File:CMPE243 S19 ZEUS Gpsimage.png|thumb|right|150px]]
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
The $GPGGA sentence is separated by commas, which the user has to parse in order to get useful data out of the module. The most important data that the user want is the GPS coordinate, '''Latitude and Longitude'''.The parsing of data was done using the strstr() function which returns the pointer of the comma from the NMEA string to be parsed.
 +
<br>
 +
Below is an example of a parsed $GPGGA sentence:
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
      Example:  $GPGGA,123519,4807.038,N,01131.000,E,1,08,0.9,545.4,M,46.9,M,,*47 <br>
 +
                      1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8      9    10  11 12
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Number
 +
! scope="col"| Raw form
 +
! scope="col"| Description
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 1
 +
|  123519 
 +
| Time of fix 12:35:19 UTC
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 2
 +
| A
 +
| Navigation receiver warning A = OK, V = warning
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 3
 +
|  4807.038
 +
| Latitude 48 deg. 07.038 min
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 4
 +
| N
 +
| North
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 5
 +
| 01131.000
 +
| Longitude 011 deg. 31.00 min
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 6
 +
| E
 +
| East
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 7
 +
| 1
 +
| Fix Quality, 1 means GPS is fixed
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 8
 +
| 08
 +
| Number of satellites being tracked
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 9
 +
| 0.9
 +
| Horizontal dilution of position
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 10
 +
| 545.5,M
 +
|  Altitude, Meters, above mean sea level
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 11
 +
| 46.9,M,
 +
| Height of geoid (mean sea level) above WGS84
 +
|-
 +
! scope="row"| 12
 +
| *68
 +
|  the checksum data, always begins with *
 +
|}
 +
<br>
 +
'''CMPS12 - Tilt Compensated Magnetic Compass Module'''
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
The CMPS12 - Tilt Compensated Magnetic Compass module was chosen because it provides better performance than its predecessor CMPS12, the module also has a 3-axis magnetometer, a 3-axis gyro and a 3-axis accelerometer. The CMPS12 is a self calibrating module and is automatically calibrated by movement, there is no instigation required by the user.Register 30 can be checked to see the level to which the CMPS12 has been calibrated. The default mode of the compass was chosen to get the heading value. The compass needs to be calibrated initially by moving it around in 3 axis. The calibration profiles stays onto it until the power supply to compass module is taken off.
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
[[File:Tilt-compensated-magnetic-compass-cmps12-1.jpg|thumb|centre|150px]]
 +
 
 +
The compass module is placed away from all other components of the car to minimize any magnetic interference from the motor, servo, sensors, and microcontrollers. Placing it in an environment where there is magnetic interference will cause incorrect reading of the heading and the car will navigate towards the wrong direction. The compass and GPS module is placed on a higher mount on the car to avoid any interference to it.The compass module is interfaced via '''I2C'''. It is powered on by 5V, but 3.3V works also.
 +
 
 +
=== Software Implementation  ===
 +
GEO module sends the direction and heading values to the master controller.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Sl. No
 +
! scope="col"| Message ID
 +
! scope="col"| Message name
 +
! scope="col"| Purpose
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|141
 +
|DIRECTION_GPS
 +
|Send direction value to the master
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|191
 +
|HEADING
 +
|Send Heading value in degrees to the master
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==== Receiving and parsing GPS data ====
 +
 
 +
The first task was to interface the GPS module to the SJOne board (using UART3), and receive raw data over it. The module was configured to receive only GPGGA NMEA sentence at 9600 bps baud rate. The received NMEA data is a string, that has to be parsed to obtain current latitude and longitude values. This location data is continuously sent to the Master controller on the CAN bus at 10 Hz.
 +
 
 +
==== Heading Calculation ====
 +
 
 +
Heading of the car is the direction that the car is moving, with respect to true north. A compass gives heading with respect to magnetic north. T\
 +
 
 +
The CMPS12 is calibrated by tilting it around in 3 axis. The CMPS12 is connected to the SJONE board using the I2C connection.
 +
 
 +
==== Bearing calculation ====
 +
 
 +
Bearing is the direction that the car desires to travel along, i.e., the direction of the destination. It is calculated using the current location coordinates and the destination coordinates (or next checkpoint coordinates). The formula to calculate bearing is
 +
 
 +
'''
 +
    X = cos(lat2) * sin(dLong)
 +
    Y = cos(lat1) * sin(lat2) - sin(lat1) * cos(lat2) * cos(dLong)
 +
    Bearing = atan2(X,Y)
 +
 
 +
    where,
 +
    (lat1, long1) are the current location coordinates
 +
    (lat2, long2) are the checkpoint coordinates
 +
    dLong is (long2 - long1) '''
 +
 
 +
==== Distance calculation ====
 +
 
 +
The distance between the current location and the next checkpoint is calculated using the Haversine formula .
 +
 
 +
Haversine
 +
formula: a = sin²(Δφ/2) + cos φ1 ⋅ cos φ2 ⋅ sin²(Δλ/2)
 +
c = 2 ⋅ atan2( √a, √(1−a) )
 +
d = R ⋅ c
 +
where φ is latitude, λ is longitude, R is earth’s radius (mean radius = 6,371km);
 +
note that angles need to be in radians to pass to trig functions!
 +
 
 +
A flag is set when the distance to the final checkpoint becomes zero, and sent to the Master controller, to indicate that the destination has been reached.
 +
 
 +
==== Path Planning ====
 +
The path of the car was decided using the minimum number of checkpoints from the start point to the destination. The car calculates the first checkpoint by finding the least distance between present co-ordinate and the checkpoints. Once it gets the first checkpoint, all other checkpoints are found in a similar fashion. Once the car cannot find any other checkpoint, the destination is the final checkpoint.
 +
 
 +
'''
 +
    int get_checkpoint(checkpoint current_coordinate)
 +
{
 +
    int min = 0;
 +
    bool flag = false;
 +
    float distance[6];
 +
    checkpoint destination;
 +
    for(int i = 0 ; i < checkpoints_array_size ; i++)
 +
    {
 +
        distance[i] = cal_distance(current_coordinate.longitude , current_coordinate.latitude\
 +
                ,checkpoints_array[i].longitude , checkpoints_array[i].latitude);
 +
    }
 +
    for(int i = 0 ; i < checkpoints_array_size ; i++)
 +
    {
 +
        if(distance[min] > distance[i]  && \
 +
                cal_distance(destination_coordinates.longitude , destination_coordinates.latitude , current_coordinate.longitude , current_coordinate.latitude) >\
 +
                cal_distance(destination_coordinates.longitude , destination_coordinates.latitude , checkpoints_array[i].longitude , checkpoints_array[i].latitude))
 +
        {
 +
            min = i;
 +
            flag = true;
 +
        }
 +
    }
 +
    memset(distance , 0 , sizeof(distance));
 +
    if(flag == false)
 +
    {
 +
        destination.longitude = destination_coordinates.longitude;
 +
        destination.latitude = destination_coordinates.latitude;
 +
        //printf("Reached destination\n");
 +
        return 100;
 +
    }
 +
    else
 +
    {
 +
        destination.longitude = checkpoints_array[min].longitude;
 +
        destination.latitude = checkpoints_array[min].latitude;
 +
        return min;
 +
    }
 +
} '''
 +
 
 +
=== Technical Challenges ===
 +
The following problems were faced and below are their resolutions:
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
* '''Calibration of CMPS 12'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' CMPS 12 Module was not accurate with the present calibrations. It was off by 10-15 degrees.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' = Calibration of CMPS 12 module was a major challenge in this module. Initially profiles were stored to retain calibration state, but we soon realized that the profile had to changed every time the car was reset. As the project progressed we understood that using the default configuration of the compass was the best strategy. Once the compass was set to default calibration, we had to just move the compass around to set it to the magnetic north.
 +
 
 +
* '''Wrong Values of Latitude Longitude received from the GPS Module '''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' The current GPS values would always vary for a constant place. This would make the car believe that it is at a different place than it actually is.  Whenever the car would be tested to, the path and bearing would be different for a single route. This would also cause the car to not always reach the destination.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' = To solve this problem, the destination would be a 5 meter radius, so each time it came even around the actual destination co-ordinate, destination flag would be set to high.
 +
 
 +
* '''Car Overshooting the Checkpoints '''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' Another challenge we faced initially was that the motor would have sudden bursts of speed which would cause the car the overshoot. The checkpoint would be left behind, and hence the car used to take a U-turn. This used to repeat till it once gets the checkpoint.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' = After working with the members of the motor module, car speed was set to a value which was smooth enough and didn't overshoot the checkpoint.
 +
 
 +
== Sensors Controller ==
 +
=== Group Member ===
 +
*'''''Oliver Zhu<br> '''''
 +
*'''''Wen Yuen Chao<br> '''''
 +
 
 +
=== Hardware Design ===
 +
In this project, the sensor we use is LV-MAXSonar-EZ4, which is ultrasonic sensor. There are three sensors put in the front of our RC car and detect the left, middle and right side independently.
 +
 
 +
The '''feature''' of this sensor as follows:
 +
 
 +
1. 2.5V to 5.5V supply with 2mA typical current draw
 +
 
 +
2. Readings can occur up to every 50mS (20-Hz rate)
 +
 
 +
3. Serial, 0 to Vcc, 9600 Baud, 81N
 +
 
 +
4. Analog, (Vcc/512) / inch
 +
 
 +
5. Pulse width, (147uS/inch)
 +
 
 +
The '''benefit''' of the sensor as below:
 +
 
 +
1. Very low cost ultrasonic rangefinder
 +
 
 +
2. Very low power ranger, excellent for multiple sensor or battery-based systems
 +
 
 +
3. Quality beam characteristics
 +
 
 +
[[File:Sensor interface2.png|800px|center| Hardware Interface]]
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Sl. No
 +
! scope="col"| Pin on SJOne Board
 +
! scope="col"| Pin on MaxSonar-EZ4
 +
! scope="col"| Purpose
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|PWM
 +
|AN
 +
|PWM pin from SJONE to MaxSonar-EZ4
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|4
 +
|RX
 +
|RX
 +
|Recive data from SJONE to CMPS12
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|6
 +
|5V
 +
|VCC
 +
|5V voltage supply
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|7
 +
|GND
 +
|GND
 +
|Ground
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== Hardware Interface ===
 +
[[File:indep sensors.png|800px]]
 +
 
 +
[[File:LV-EZ4-Ultrasonic-Sensor.jpg|100px|right]]
 +
'''Independent Sensors Layout'''
 +
<br>
 +
In this project, we adopt the independent sensors model, which means each sensor doesn't communicate with each other. It's a easy way to let
 +
sensor do their work independently.   
 +
 
 +
'''CAN Bus'''
 +
<br>
 +
The CAN bus interface allows the sensor controller to send and receive data on the bus. For example, the sensor controller will send the data to the CAN bus and the master controller will take it and let the car to do the coordinate movement.
 +
 
 +
=== Software Design ===
 +
1. Initialization sequence
 +
[[File:Sensor flowchart2.png|300px|right]]
 +
In the Sensor init sequence is as follows:
 +
 
 +
* '''CAN Init'''
 +
 
 +
:: Motor CAN is initialized on ''can1'' with BAUD rate 100bps and TX/RX queue sizes of 100. Then the filter is setup for 100-150 MSG IDs.
 +
 
 +
* '''Sensor Init'''
 +
 
 +
2. Read Sensor
 +
 
 +
The relative functions is as follows:
 +
 
 +
* ''' read_sensor'''
 +
 
 +
:: After reading the data from sensor, we have to transfer the voltage to inch.
 +
 
 +
* '''read_sensor_left'''
 +
 
 +
:: Read the data from left sensor.
 +
 
 +
* '''read_sensor_right'''
 +
 
 +
:: Read the data from right sensor.
 +
 
 +
* '''read_sensor_center'''
 +
 
 +
:: Read the data from center sensor.
 +
 
 +
3. Filter the value of sensor
 +
 
 +
The relative functions is as follows:
 +
 
 +
* ''' filter_sensor'''
 +
 
 +
:: Sometime we will get the outlier by noise, so we need to eliminate this abnormal value.
 +
 
 +
=== Testing & Technical Challenges ===
 +
 
 +
* '''Sudden Spike of distance while sending Sensor Values '''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' There is an unusual pulse when sensor sent the date to CAN bus. This usually manifests as ADC giving a regular (near) maximum-value pulse.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' When we meet the unusual value, we will adopt the previous value rather than the current value.
 +
 
 +
* '''Persistent blind spots in the sensor array'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' According the data sheet, the detection range of EZ4 is only 3.5 inch, which affected our car's ability to pass certain basic obstacle avoidance tests (e.g., putting your foot down in front of the car when your foot happens to be in between two sensors).
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' Add more sensors for car. For now, we only has three sensors in front of the car. The idea is adding more sensor for the different angles. The specific range detection of EZ4 is as follows.
 +
 
 +
[[File:Range detection.png|500px]]
 +
 
 +
Another thing we could done is use sensors with a wider beam (such as the EZ0 or EZ1). The EZ4 has the most narrow and precise beam of the sonar sensors in that family, which we initially thought would be a benefit because it could provide accurate signals and reduce interference between the sensors. However, more discussion with others has suggested that the wide beam sensors are much better if we want to have good coverage with just 3 front sensors.
 +
 
 +
* '''Continuous jitter even after filtering out spikes in sensor data'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' We continued to see jitter from the steering in response to noisy sensor data, including random low values that would trigger a turn.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' We made some adjustments to master module to mitigate this to some extent, but we could have done much more to get to the core of this issue. I think additional filtering for noise in the low-value (obstacle present) range could have helped, but at the expense of being responsive at a high 20Hz rate. Closer development between master and sensor for how we can more intelligently interpret sensor data--including changes to the master's obstacle avoidance state machine--would have helped as well.
 +
 
 +
==== Unit Testing ====
 +
In the code of sensor part, we use API of CMock to test our code. There is a example we used as follows:
 +
 
 +
void test_sensor2chan(void)
 +
  {
 +
    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3, sensor2chan(sensor_left)); //0+3
 +
    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(4, sensor2chan(sensor_center)); //1+3
 +
    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(5, sensor2chan(sensor_right)); //2+3
 +
    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(6, sensor2chan(sensor_back)); //3+3
 +
  }
 +
void test_read_sensor(void)
 +
  {
 +
    '''
 +
    uint16_t adc = 2;
 +
    enum sensor_dir sensor = sensor_left;
 +
    trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, true, true);
 +
    adc0_get_reading_ExpectAndReturn(sensor2chan(sensor), adc);
 +
    sensor_delay_ms_Expect(1);
 +
    trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, false, false);
 +
    sensor = sensor_center;
 +
    trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, true, true);
 +
    adc0_get_reading_ExpectAndReturn(sensor2chan(sensor), adc);
 +
    sensor_delay_ms_Expect(1);
 +
    trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, false, false);
 +
    sensor = sensor_right;
 +
    trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, true, true);
 +
    adc0_get_reading_ExpectAndReturn(sensor2chan(sensor), adc);
 +
    sensor_delay_ms_Expect(1);
 +
    trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, false, false);
 +
    sensor = sensor_back;
 +
    trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, true, true);
 +
    adc0_get_reading_ExpectAndReturn(sensor2chan(sensor), adc);
 +
    sensor_delay_ms_Expect(1);
 +
    trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, false, false);
 +
    sensor2type(sensor_left);
 +
    sensor2type(sensor_center);
 +
    sensor2type(sensor_right);
 +
    sensor2type(sensor_back);
 +
    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3.15, read_sensor(sensor));
 +
                                                '''
 +
  }
 +
 
 +
== Master Controller ==
 +
The master controller sits at the heart of the decision-making algorithm. It takes values from the SENSOR, BLE, GPS modules and does the computation to correctly drive the MOTOR module.
 +
=== Group Members ===
 +
*'''''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/neel-patel-806309126/ Neel Patel]<br> '''''
 +
*'''''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/himanshu-gunjal/ Himanshu Gunjal]<br> '''''
 +
 
 +
=== Hardware Design ===
 +
The master module is responsible for acting as a driver and decision tree. In Zeus the hardware design for master module is pretty straight forward. It is only connected to the CAN bus using a transceiver. It receives all the messages and then takes decisions based on them. This is explained in detail in the Software design for this module.
 +
[[File:CMPE243_S19_ZEUS_BLOCKMASTER.png|thumb|centre|500px|BLE Block Diagram]]
 +
 
 +
=== Software Design ===
 +
 
 +
The MASTER module is responsible for all the decision making, controlling and guiding the car through all scenarios to reach the final destination. The algorithm for the implementation of our project is mention in this section.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Sl. No
 +
! scope="col"| Message ID
 +
! scope="col"| Message name
 +
! scope="col"| Purpose
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|101
 +
|MOTOR_COMMAND
 +
|Sends Steer and Speed  and Direction to Motor Module
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|900
 +
|DEBUG_MASTER
 +
|Displays the raw values of the front left and right sensors as received
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|905
 +
|DEBUG_OBSTACLE_FLAGS
 +
|Sends the set front, left and right flags for obstacle avoidance
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[File:CMPE243 SP19 ZEUS masterFlowchart.png|center|565px|thumb|Decision Tree for Master]]
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
==== Implementation ====
 +
 
 +
* Check for START command if received from the Application module. If not, the car should be in the idle state i.e. not moving but ready and accepting all messages from the can bus.
 +
* Once start is received, set a start flag to true and put the entire code inside this module.
 +
* The navigation will be guided by the commands received from the GPS module. The GPS module will send STEER and DIRECTION commands to the motor module.
 +
* The motor module should be given this data so that they will run the motor with the set speed and also the steer commands to successfully reach the checkpoints, eventually reaching the destination.
 +
* Priority should be given to the obstacle avoidance algorithm so that it overrides the GPS direction command.
 +
* The car should avoid all obstacles i.e. if the checkpoint is on the left of the car, the GPS module will send data to the MASTER module and command it to make a left turn. However, if there is an obstacle found on the left, then the car should go to the right.
 +
* The car should stop when the destination is reached or an obstacle is detected in the front in such close proximity that it cannot be avoided.
 +
* From this state, the car should go reverse with steering added to it so that it does not get stuck in a loop going back and forth.
 +
 
 +
A basic logic snippet is shown below. We set flags according to the sensor values received from the ultrasonic sensors. These flags were then polled to set the steering command to be sent to the motor module to drive the servo motor. The flags were set according to our logic of how the car should respond to the obstacles in its path. The MID_DISTANCE was set to 50 inches and DISTANCE for the left and right sensors was set to 60. This was the threshold which we finalized as it gave ample time for the car to make a decision. In the following code snippet, "front_obstacle"  is a flag and "middle" is the value received from the sensor module for the middle sensor.
 +
 
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 +
 
 +
if(middle > MID_DISTANCE && left > DISTANCE && right > DISTANCE )  // no obstacle
 +
    {
 +
        front_obstacle  = 0;
 +
        left_obstacle  = 0;
 +
        right_obstacle  = 0;
 +
    }
 +
    else if(middle < MID_DISTANCE && left < DISTANCE && right < DISTANCE)  // wall in front
 +
    {
 +
        front_obstacle  = 1;
 +
        left_obstacle  = 1;
 +
        right_obstacle  = 1;
 +
    }
 +
    ...
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Based on the data received from the GPS module to steer to get the car closer to the next checkpoint, we set the STEER command values to be sent to the motor module. However, we need to check the values from the sensor. SO we check the obstacle flags set above to decide whether to follow the GPS(if no obstacle was found) or to override the GPS command and decide to steer away frim that path. A code snippet for our logic is as follows:
 +
 
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
 +
 
 +
switch(gps_data.DIRECTION_VAL)
 +
{
 +
    case 0:
 +
        if(!right_obstacle && !left_obstacle)      //no obstacles
 +
            go_straight(1.7);
 +
 
 +
        else if(!left_obstacle && right_obstacle)  // right
 +
            go_hard_left();
 +
 
 +
        else if(left_obstacle && !right_obstacle)  //left
 +
            go_hard_right();
 +
 
 +
        else if(right_obstacle && left_obstacle)    //only on left & right both
 +
        {
 +
            stop();
 +
            delay_ms(10);
 +
            go_back();
 +
        }
 +
        break;
 +
 
 +
    case -2:
 +
        if(!left_obstacle)
 +
            go_hard_left();
 +
        else
 +
            go_hard_right();
 +
        break;
 +
...
 +
 
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
 
 +
=== Technical Challenges ===
 +
 
 +
* '''Car Not Detecting Obstacle Fast Enough'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' In spite of having a decent preliminary obstacle avoidance logic, the car would not stop/steer away from obstacles rather chared onto them.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' After multiple testing, we observed that the speed of the car was too high for it to lose all of its momenta and come to a standstill. So we started running the car at a slower speed.
 +
 
 +
Also, the threshold was too low for the car to detect obstacles and successfully navigate away from them.
 +
 
 +
* '''Negative float values not propagating on bus master'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' In spite of getting correct negative value on printf just before the dbc encode and send function, somehow on the bus master -1.0 was converted and seen as 0.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' We were using that for setting a negative speed to tell the motor to go reverse. We later just removed a negative speed(as it is more logical) and created a new message type "Direction" to guide the motor module to set if the car should move forward or backwards.
 +
 
 +
* '''Unable to get the car in reverse'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' We were able to stop the car by sending 2 STOP commands but unable to make it go reverse.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' We had to set a delay of minimum 10ms after sending the STOP and before the REVERSE command. This is how our motor understood the difference between stopping and making the motor spin in the opposite direction.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
* '''Multiple decisions needed to be taken'''
 +
 
 +
''Problem Summary:'' On the onset of each and every module, we had to always fine-tune our master logic so that it incorporated all the signals and make the system work in equilibrium. We had to incorporate start command, GPS and sensor directions which added to the decision making logic.
 +
 
 +
''Solution:'' A robust state machine helped us to build a logically correct algorithm to incorporate every module in our system to work in order and in harmony.
 +
 
 +
== Android Application and Bridge ==
 +
 
 +
==== Group Members ====
 +
*'''''[https://www.linkedin.com/in/neel-patel-806309126/ Neel Patel]<br> '''''
 +
 
 +
=== Design ===
 +
 
 +
The bridge controller is responsible for establishing communication between the CAR and an Android Phone. This communication is achieved using Bluetooth technology and HC-05 bluetooth transceiver. The android app "'''ZeusApp'''" sends Co-ordinates as well as Start/Stop command to the car. Once the bridge ECU receives this data over UART, it transmits it to corresponding controllers using CAN bus. The HC-05 module communicates with SJONE over UART at 9600bps baud rate. The overall architecture of the system is given below:
 +
 
 +
[[File:CMPE243_S19_Zeus_AndroidComm.png|thumb|centre|700px|BLE Block Diagram]]
 +
 
 +
=====Pin Configuration: =====
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Sl. No
 +
! scope="col"| Pin on SJOne Board
 +
! scope="col"| Pin on HC-05
 +
! scope="col"| Purpose
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|TXD3
 +
|RXD
 +
|Transmit using UART3(TXD3) to HC-05
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|RXD3
 +
|TXD
 +
|Receive using UART3(RXD3) from HC-05
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|3V3
 +
|VCC
 +
|3.3V voltage supply
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|4
 +
|GND
 +
|GND
 +
|Ground
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Hardware interface between the BLE ECU and The can bus is achieved using the CAN tranciever. P0.1 on the SJone board is connected to CAN Tx and P0.0 is connected to CAN Rx. The CAN bus section talks in more detail about how CAN is actually implemented.
 +
 
 +
=== Bluetooth Hardware Design ===
 +
 
 +
[[File:CMPE243_S19_Zeus_HC-05.png|thumb|right|250px|HC-05 module]]
 +
 
 +
We decided to go with HC-05 as our bluetooth module HC-05 because of the vast amount of information on it on the internet. HC-05 is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP(Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Hc-05 also provides switching mode between master and slave mode. Given below are features of HC-05:
 +
* -80dBm sensitivity
 +
* Up to +4dBm transmit power
 +
* Low Power operation
 +
* UART interface with programmable baud rate.
 +
* Integrated Antenna and edge connector.
 +
* Supported Baud Rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.
 +
* Auto-connect to the last device on power as default.
 +
* Auto-pairing PINCODE:”0000” as default
 +
* Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of connection.
 +
 
 +
===Bluetooth Software Design ===
 +
The BLE ECU is responsible for receiving data over UART and then Packaging it in correct message format and sending it over the can bus. To achieve this a few messages were made in the DBC file. The Message IDs and info is given in the table below:
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"| Sl. No
 +
! scope="col"| Message ID
 +
! scope="col"| Message name
 +
! scope="col"| Purpose
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|181
 +
|APP_DATA
 +
|Sends 2 bit start OR stop command
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|182
 +
|APP_DATA_LAT_LONG
 +
|Send Destination Latitude and Longitude to the ECU.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Our BLE ECU is pretty simple and has one function as its core operation. This Function is given below.
 +
 +
void parse_data()
 +
{
 +
    char coord[100]={0};
 +
    getstring(coord,100,0);
 +
    if(coord[0]==1)
 +
    {
 +
        printf("\nStart");
 +
        BLE_data.START_CAR=1;
 +
        c_LED_display_set_number(1);
 +
        memset(coord,0,sizeof(coord));
 +
    }
 +
    else if(coord[0]==2)
 +
    {
 +
        printf("\nStop");
 +
        BLE_data.START_CAR=2;
 +
        c_LED_display_set_number(0);
 +
        memset(coord,0,sizeof(coord));
 +
    }
 +
    else if(strlen(coord))
 +
    {
 +
        while(coord[i] != ',')
 +
        {
 +
                Latitude[i]=coord[i];
 +
                i++;
 +
        }
 +
      Latitude[i]='\0';
 +
        i++;
 +
        while(coord[i] != '@' )
 +
        {
 +
            Longitude[j]=coord[i];
 +
            i++;
 +
            j++;
 +
        }
 +
        Longitude[j]='\0';
 +
        i=0;
 +
        j=0;
 +
        float LAT1=atof(Latitude);
 +
        float LON1=atof(Longitude);
 +
        printf("\nLatitude: %.15f",LAT1);
 +
        printf("\nLongitude: %.15f",LON1);
 +
     
 +
        gps_destination.DEST_LAT=LAT1;   
 +
        gps_destination.DEST_LONG=LON1; 
 +
    }
 +
    dbc_encode_and_send_APP_DATA(&BLE_data); 
 +
    dbc_encode_and_send_APP_DATA_LAT_LONG(&gps_destination);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
As seen in the code above, there are two DBC structures that are made, BLE_data to send start/stop command and gps_destination to send the destination co-ordinates. The android app sends a string over bluetooth to HC-05 which passes it on to SJone over UART. By parsing this string we can figure out which command was received from the App. If the 1st character of string is '1' the its a START command, if its '2' the it is STOP command and otherwise it parses the string to find Coordinates. Through the app i am sending coordinates in the format of LATITUDE,LONGITUDE so, in parse_data() function, two global character arrays were accessed. Until the iterator reaches the comma it puts everything in the Latitude array and after the till the end of string it puts everything in the Longitude array. Library function atof() was used to convert the character array to float to be able to send it over CAN.
 +
 
 +
The function parse_data() is periodically called at 1hz (so every one second). This means that the UART data is parsed and a can message is sent every second.
 +
 
 +
===Android Application Design ===
 +
===== Implementation =====
 +
 
 +
The main purpose of the android application is to provide the user with a way to interact with the Car using a smartphone. This app was built using '''''[https://developer.android.com/studio Android Studio]'''''  developed by Google and Jetbrains. You have the option of writing the code in either Java or Kotlin. For ZeusApp we decided to go with Java. One of the most important features that needed to be integrated into the app was Google Maps to show current position and the destination coordinates. A Google Maps API key is required to integrate Maps withing the application. This key can be acquired through the Google Developers Console. This key is mainly used to track activity of the app. Google uses the tracking to figure out charges (if any). Since our app is not a public app it doesnt cost anything for us. There are two main activities that form the app.
 +
 
 +
1. StartScreen.java is the first page that the user is greeted with its a basic home page that allows the user to go to the Map where he/she can interact with the car.
 +
 
 +
2. MapDemoActivity.java is the main activity where all the important work happens. This is the page which displays Google map fragment and all the controls associated with the car. The map fragment loads and updates the users location which he/she can see by clicking the recenter button.
 +
A pin can be dropped on the map by just touching the desired location on it. This activity also lets user connect to HC-05 bluetooth transceiver by simply clicking the Connect button. Once the app is connected to the car, user can then start the car using START button and similarly stop it using the STOP button. After marking the destination there is a button that lets the user send coordinates in the form of LATITUDE, LONGITUDE to the car.
 +
 
 +
===== Bluetooth - Android Side =====
 +
 
 +
The MapDemoActivity.java , besides UI for map. has one more integral purpose. It establishes a socket communication between the smartphone and HC-05 transceiver. For this a few things need to be done.
 +
 
 +
1. We need to specify certain permission in the AndroidManifest.xml. These permissions are given below
 +
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
 +
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />
 +
 
 +
2. Import the following libraries
 +
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
 +
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothDevice;
 +
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothSocket;
 +
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 +
import java.io.InputStream;
 +
import java.io.OutputStream;
 +
 
 +
This lets us define variables that are needed for establishing communication over bluetooth. Input and Output stream classes lets us make buffers to write data to and read data from.
 +
 
 +
3. For basic communication we need need three things a Bluetooth Device, Bluetooth Adapter and a Bluetooth Socket. These are declared as follows:
 +
BluetoothSocket mBTsocket = null;
 +
BluetoothDevice BoardSJONE = null;
 +
BluetoothAdapter ZeusAdapter;
 +
 
 +
Bluetooth adapter lets you represent local device(smartphone) bluetooth adapter and lets you perform bluetooth tasks such as device query, instantiate a BluetoothDevice using MAC ID or UUID and create a socket. The Bluetooth adapter itself can be initialized as follows:
 +
ZeusAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
 +
 
 +
For this app we have initialized the adapter int the onStart function. This funtion is called when the activity becomes visible to the User, so, before anything can be done BluetoothAdapter is initialized.
 +
 
 +
4. Once the Adapter has been initialized and the device has been paired we now need to establish RF communication between the phone and HC-05. For that we use BluetoothSocket as below.
 +
mBTsocket = BoardSJONE.createInsecureRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(BTMODULEUUID);
 +
mBTsocket.connect();
 +
  pairedDevice = BoardSJONE;
 +
 
 +
Here, BTMODULEUUID is the Universallu Unique Identifier which is a 128 bit ID of the smartphone. Now the Socket connection has been established.
 +
 
 +
5. For sending data, Output Stream can be used.
 +
tOUTPUT = mBTsocket.getOutputStream();
 +
tOUTPUT.write(string.getBytes());
 +
tOUTPUT.flush();
 +
 
 +
The parameters inside write() function is the data you want to send over bluetooth. A coordinate string in our case.
 +
 
 +
The diagrams below show our App as its seen on an Android phone:
 +
{|
 +
  |[[File:CMPE243_S19_Zeus_ICON.jpg|thumb|left|250px|App Icon]]
 +
  |[[File:CMPE243_S19_Zeus_AppHomeScreen.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Home Screen]]
 +
  |[[File:CMPE243_S19_Zeus_MapScreen.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map Screen]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
For starters, i developed the app just to establish Socket communication with HC-05 and Send 1 or 0. Sort of like a "hello World" code. It was a bit of a learning curve. After successful communication establishment, the Start and Stop buttons were added. These would just let the user choose wether to send "1" (start) or "2" (stop). I decided to not go with 0 as the stop command as in the BLE file, character receive array is initiated to ZERO every time parse_data() function is called. This is because the array is defined locally and not globally for the function. So now only when a "2" is received over UART the DBC struct variable is set to STOP.
 +
 
 +
The second major task was building the map screen. This was a bit difficult as it requires Google API key to instantiate a Map fragment. The features i had to add include Toast messages on every new activity, Destination Coordinate marker. User Location marker and Bluetooth Buttons. Once the map was successfully integrated  adding the Custom Destination marker (lightning bolt) was pretty straight forward to add. A slight modification int the function that loads the map needs to be made. Given below is the code snippet for adding a marker.
 +
 
 +
map.setOnMapClickListener(new GoogleMap.OnMapClickListener() { //marker added :neel
 +
            @Override
 +
            public void onMapClick(LatLng point) {
 +
                Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"DESTINATION MARKED",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
 +
                marker.position(point);
 +
                marker.title(point.latitude + "," + point.longitude);  // point is an object of LatLng class , LAT and LON both are Doubles.
 +
                //marker.title("Destination");
 +
                marker.draggable(true);
 +
                marker.icon(BitmapDescriptorFactory.fromResource(R.drawable.flash));
 +
                //Destination_location.setLatitude(point.latitude);
 +
                //Destination_location.setLongitude(point.longitude);
 +
                Dest_point=point;
 +
                map.clear();
 +
                map.addMarker(marker);
 +
            }
 +
        });
 +
 
 +
Dest_point in the above snippet is the private class variable that is used to send the destination over Bluetooth. It is a LatLng class object.
 +
 
 +
=== Testing and Technical Challenges ===
 +
 
 +
==== Issues ====
 +
 
 +
* With Zero experience of Java or Android Application development, it was very difficult fo me in the beginning to learn Java syntax and get accumulated with the Android SDK. This was made possible after spending a lot of time on [https://developer.android.com/ Android Developer] website and Android tutorial on Youtube. The website provides information on available APIs and their examples.
 +
 
 +
* Running background activity for bluetooth. So that we could have Start/Stop on home screen and Send Destination feature on the mapscreen, was very difficult since i could not understand multithread bluetooth architecture. In the end the best solution to this was have one main activity(in our case the MapActivity) and have all the bluetooth buttons on that page.
 +
 
 +
* On the BLE side, in the beginning we observed that unless Explicitly sending Start (1) from the app the BLE would by default put a Stop(0) command on the CAN bus. This was because the character array was getting initialized to 0 every function call. This was solved by simply sending a "2" from the app, and then sending a Stop command only when the first character in the string is 2.
 +
 
 +
* Another major issue was that i was unable to send correct LAT LONG on the can bus in float format. We needed to have atleast 6 decimal point precision and this could only be achieved using a factor of 0.0000001 in the DBC.  But even after doing that we would get positive coordinate value only upto 4 decimal points and would get total garbage for negative coordinate value (Latitude in our case is in the range of -121). Preet gave us a great idea to just send the entire number as a uint32_t variable and then divide it by a million on the receiver side(GPS in our case). This solved the problem and we were able to send and receive correct and precise Coordinates on the can bus.
 +
 
 +
==== Testing ====
 +
* We began testing the BLE Uart code first for this, after writing a very basic code that would just take a character from uart and display it on screen, we installed an app directly from the Play Store for android. There are several Apps available on the app store for HC-05. Once the data sent from app was successfully received and displayed, we could move on to the next stage.
 +
 
 +
* On the android side the Map Fragment testing was done using an Android Studio Virtual Device (API 27). This helped us in deciding the layout and functions of each activity without having to deploy it on the smartphone.
 +
 
 +
* '''IMPORTANT''': It should be noted that to test the bluetooth features of the app, an actual compatible android phone is needed since the emulator does not take permissions from the laptop's bluetooth adapter. We realized this after the App kept crashing on the emulator every-time a button was pressed.
  
 
== Testing & Technical Challenges ==
 
== Testing & Technical Challenges ==
−
Describe the challenges of your project.  What advise would you give yourself or someone else if your project can be started from scratch again?
 
−
Make a smooth transition to testing section and described what it took to test your project.
 
  
−
Include sub-sections that list out a problem and solution, such as:
+
=== Used Car Causes Mechanical Issues ===
 +
* We bought a used RC Car from Sheldon's hobby, in hopes of reducing the overall cost of the project. It backfired, when we found out that the car had a '''lot''' of issues. The chassis was not stable, the front tires were of different sizes and even the front shocks were not able to hold the weight when we mounted our boards on it. In order to run the car we made a lot of additional expenses by buying new tires and new shock oil. We spent more time in fixing mechanical issues of the car rather than coding and implementing things for the project. In the end, when everything failed we still had to buy a new car. It is better to just buy a Traxxas car since a lot of information is available on it and it is very reliable.
 +
 
 +
=== CAN Bus Error Frame ===
 +
* The CAN transciever that we bought was from a manufacturer called WaveShare. It has an onboard terminating resistor. So when the CAN bus was finally made, it would sometimes give random errors and would show unpredictable behaviour. Upon inspection we found out that the terminating resistance was 60ohms when it should have been 120ohms. Preet told us that it is because of the on board resistor present on it. We solved this problem by, removing those resistors. Its better to buy transceiver that doesn't have an on board resistor.
  
−
=== <Bug/issue name> ===
+
=== Narrow Beam Sensor Covering Less Area ===
−
Discuss the issue and resolution.
+
* We are using Sonar sensors, it is better to have sensors that have wider beam sensors like EZ0 and EZ1 by Maxbotics. We were using EZ4 which has a pretty narrow beam, this left us with a few blindspots. And if you have EZ4 available for you its better to use 5 sensors in front instead of just 3 sensors. In the same way either use 2/3 EZ4 sensors in the back for just a single EZ0 sonar sensor.
 +
 
 +
=== DBC issues for sending negative value ===
 +
* DBC for some messages was not able to send negative values on the bus properly. We found this out when we were trying to send a Signed int8_t value for speed command. where we were trying to give -1.0 for reverse command. even though we were sending it, only garbage would appear on the bus. We solved this by making another dbc variable called motor direction, that would decide whether a reverse needs to be done. We observed this issue in the BLE module as well, when we were trying to send negative values for longitude.
  
 
== Conclusion ==
 
== Conclusion ==
−
Conclude your project here. You can recap your testing and problems. You should address the "so what" part here to indicate what you ultimately learnt from this project. How has this project increased your knowledge?
+
This project served as a great source of learning as it was challenging to develop and integrate the features of the self-driving car. It gave us a great sense of achievement in having completed the project by working together as a team.
 +
 
 +
By completing this project we all learned how to use an important version control tool in development-Git. Git allowed us to keep track of changes to the master branch as well as branches for each of the controllers and the Android application. We also got hands-on experience with the CAN bus protocol which is useful for any embedded system in the automotive industry as well as the DBC file format and the BusMaster CAN tracing tool. We were required to complete unit testing for each of the controllers. Learning Test Driven Development (TDD) was a challenge but overall it was a great experience for us because developing this way reduced time spent on debugging.
  
 
=== Project Video ===
 
=== Project Video ===
−
Upload a video of your project and post the link here.
+
 
 +
GPS navigation:
 +
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBh3Oiaw4bo&feature=youtu.be
 +
 
 +
Obstacle avoidance:
 +
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3mS2H2W0eU&feature=youtu.be
  
 
=== Project Source Code ===
 
=== Project Source Code ===
−
*  [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sjsu/files/CmpE_S2016/ Sourceforge Source Code Link]
+
*  [https://gitlab.com/cmpe243_zeus/zeus GitLab Source Code Link for the controllers]
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
=== Acknowledgement ===
 
=== Acknowledgement ===
−
Any acknowledgement that you may wish to provide can be included here.
+
 
 +
We would like to express our gratitude to Professor Preetpal Kang for generously sharing his time and knowledge with us and guiding us through the completion of this project.
 +
We would also like to thank Pratap for his valuable advice and constructive feedback.
  
 
=== References Used ===
 
=== References Used ===
−
List any references used in project.
 
  
−
=== Appendix ===
+
====== PID Control ======
−
You can list the references you used.
+
* [http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=Introduction&section=ControlPID PID Controller Design]
 +
* [https://robotics.stackexchange.com/questions/167/what-are-good-strategies-for-tuning-pid-loops  Good Strategies for PID Tuning]
 +
 
 +
====== Android GUI ======
 +
*  [https://developer.android.com/studio/write/image-asset-studio.html Create App Icons with Image Asset Studio]
 +
*  [https://developer.android.com/training/basics/fragments/index.html Building a Dynamic UI with Fragments]
 +
 
 +
====== Bluetooth ======
 +
* [https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/bluetooth.html Bluetooth|Android Developers]
 +
* [https://github.com/googlesamples/android-BluetoothChat/ googlesamples/android-BluetoothChat]
 +
====== Android App ======
 +
* [https://developer.android.com/ Android Developers]
 +
* [https://developer.android.com/training/maps/index.html Adding Maps]
 +
* [https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/android-api/marker Markers]
 +
* [https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/directions/?authuser=1 Google Maps Directions API]
 +
 
 +
==== Datasheets ====
 +
 
 +
[1] [https://www.maxbotix.com/documents/XL-MaxSonar-EZ_Datasheet.pdf XL-MaxSonar-EZ4 Ultrasonic Sensor]
 +
[2] [https://www.parallax.com/sites/default/files/downloads/28015-PING-Sensor-Product-Guide-v2.0.pdf Parallax Ping Sensor]
 +
[3] [http://www.4dsystems.com.au/productpages/uLCD-32PTU/downloads/uLCD-32PTU_datasheet_R_2_2.pdf 4D Systems LCD]
 +
[4] [https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/DevTools/Arduino/MCP2551.pdf CAN Transceiver]
 +
[5] [https://www.u-blox.com/sites/default/files/NEO-M8-FW3_DataSheet_%28UBX-15031086%29.pdf GPS Module]
 +
[6] [http://www.pishrobot.com/files/products/datasheets/cmps11.pdf Compass Module]

Latest revision as of 22:12, 12 October 2019

Contents

Project Title

Zeus : The Autonomous Car

ZEUS autonomous car

Abstract

When over a century ago Karl Benz invented the first car, it came as a miracle to people. Now, almost every household owns a car. The industry has come from a 20 Horsepower producing 2.9 litre Ford Model T (1908) to a massive 1500 Horsepower 5 litre Koenigsegg Regera (2018). And as such, further developments into the driving industry are bound to come. One such major field is the realm of Driverless smart cars. This project focuses on developing a driverless smart car(model) that is capable of going from one place to the destination without any manual input, avoiding obstacles along the way.

Objectives & Introduction

Zeus revolves around 5 SJone boards that have LPC 1758 at the center and has many peripherals ranging from motor, GPS and Bluetooth modules connected to them. Each SJOne board has the responsibility to control a specific peripheral. These 5 SJOne boards form the 5 modules of this project viz. Master module, Motor module, BLE module, GPS module, and the sensor module. These individual modules combine together to achieve the objective of this project. Following are the objectives of this project.:

  • Zeus should successfully navigate from a fixed starting point to a fixed destination based on GPS.
  • Obstacles on the way should be avoided.
  • Code should be 100% Unit-Tested
  • Communication should be established between Zeus and a mobile phone through an APP.

Team Members & Responsibilities

Zeus Team Members
  • Neel Patel
    • Team Lead
    • Master Module
    • Android App
    • BLE Module
  • Himanshu Gunjal
    • Master Module
    • BLE Module
    • Busmaster and Testing
  • Aman Chandan
    • Material/ Components Manager
    • GEO module
  • Artik Shetty
    • Wiki Report Manager
    • Motor Module
    • PCB Design
  • Karan Daryani
    • Car Layout Designer
    • Motor Module
    • PCB Design
  • Namdev Prabhugaonkar
    • GEO module
    • PCB Design
  • Oliver Zhu
    • GIT repository Manager
    • Sensor Module
  • Wen Yuen Chao
    • Sensor Module
    • Unit Testing

Schedule

Week# Date Task Activities Status Completion Date
1 02/12/19
  • Form Teams
  • Form a Group of 8 students
  • Completed
  • 02/12/19
2 02/19/19
  • Setup Slack for the team
  • Setup a Slack workspace for the team. (Neel)
  • EDIT: Preet wants a private channel for Zeus in the CMPE 243 Workspace (Neel)
  • Invite Preet to the private Channel. (Neel)
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 02/19/19
  • 02/19/19
  • 02/19/19
3 02/26/19
  • Create a Gitlab project for Zeus.
  • Order Can trancievers
  • Setup a Gitlab project (Namdev)
  • Each member should clone this to their local devices and try to create/edit/merge a branch.
  • Invite Preet to GIT (Namdev)
  • Get 3.3V CAN trancievers.(Himanshu)
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 02/26/19
  • 02/26/19
  • 02/26/19
  • 02/26/19
4 03/05/19
  • Research Past Projects.
  • Setup a way to manage Finances.
  • Demo CAN Communication.
  • Read about past projects on SocialLedge.
  • Find out what components to buy and make a list.
  • Shortlist and Buy an RC car.
  • Order Components
  • Make a splitwise Group and add everyone to manage funds.
  • Demo of CAN communication in Class ( Olliver and Wendy)
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 03/05/19
  • 03/06/19
  • 03/12/19
  • 03/20/19
  • 03/20/19
  • 03/05/19
5 03/12/19
  • Setup Busmaster and demonstrate Busmaster.
  • Setup PCAN Dongle with DB9 Connector
  • Download Busmaster from Busmaster
  • Download PCAN drivers from PCAN_Driver
  • Demo of Busmaster in Class (Namdev and Aman)
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 03/10/19
  • 03/10/19
  • 03/12/19
6 03/19/19
  • Initial DBC File
  • Each control module should be able to send and receive the date based on their messages in the DBC
  • Completed
  • 03/15/19
7 03/26/19
  • CAN communication demo with all the modules.
  • Steer Car.
  • Class Demo to Send and receive messages on CAN bus and display on Busmaster.
  • Testing the servo motor with the in built PWM API to steer the car. (Karan and Artik)
  • Collected Xbee module, Display and Rear Sensor from Preet.
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • completed
  • 03/26/19
  • 03/24/19
  • 03/26/19
8 04/02/19
  • Final Wiki Schedule
  • Get Acrylic board and Wire Wrapping board.
  • Basic Movement of Car
  • Finish Assigning task for the remainder semester.
  • Mount all 5 SJones on the Car.
  • MOTOR: Receive directions from master and move the Car.
  • MASTER: DBC file messages for movement of Car.
  • ANDROID: Basic Android app using AndroidStudio. (Neel)
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 04/02/19
  • 04/07/19
  • 04/07/19
  • 04/07/19
  • 05/03/19
9 04/09/19
  • Communication with mobile
  • Implement MIA messages
  • BLE: Establish Communication between ECU and Mobile (Neel and Himanshu)
  • GPS: Parse GPS data for co-ordinates, update DBC with correct message to send the co-ordinates. Indicate GPS lock using LED.
  • MASTER: Turn Car based on GPS data.
  • SENSOR: Send Sensor data to Master.
  • ANDROID: Incorporate Google Maps to provide the source and destination co-ordinates.(Neel)
  • Implement MIA messages from all ECUs.
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 05/03/19
  • 05/01/19
  • 05/01/19
  • 04/10/19
  • 05/01/19
  • 04/12/19
10 04/16/19
  • Project Progress 1 Due
  • Demo Car Progress.
  • SENSOR: Obstacle avoidance Algorithm. Update DBC message to send obstacle data.
  • MASTER: Decision tree to decide where to go based on GPS and SENSOR data.
  • GPS: Update DBC message to send compass data to App over bluetooth.
  • MOTOR: Ramp Testing. should be able to take ramps into consideration.
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 04/30/19
  • 04/30/19
  • 05/07/19
  • 05/07/19
  • 04/30/19
11 04/23/19
  • Project Progress 2 Due
  • Demo Car Progress 2.
  • All the modules should be able to communicate with each other.
  • The Car should follow GPS directions and avoid obstacles in the way without any user input. Android app should display start and end point coordinates and have successful communication with the ECUs.
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 05/07/19
  • 05/07/19
  • 05/07/19
  • 05/21/19
12 04/30/19
  • Preliminary Test
  • Fix the encountered issue
  • Assign the bugs to the respective team and resolve them.
  • Assemble all the components and give final touch to the CAR body.
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 05/17/19
  • 05/21/19
13 05/07/19
  • Equilibrium Testing
  • Testing harmony between all the system modules.
  • Checking the response of each module to other modules for different conditions and test scenarios.
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 05/17/19
14 05/14/19
  • Final Testing
  • Final Testing and Stress Testing
  • Body cosmetics and working on other scopes to upgrade
  • Completed
  • Completed
  • 05/21/19
  • 05/21/19
15 05/22/19
  • Final Demo
  • Demo the car and contest with other teams on the demonstration day.
  • Completed
  • 05/22/19

Parts List & Cost

Item# Part Description Vendor Qty Cost $
1 RC Car Sheldon's Hobby Store 1 180.00
2 SJOne board Preet 5 400.00
3 GPS Module Amazon 1 62.99
4 Lipo Battery (7200 mAh) Amazon 1 37.99
5 DB9 Connector Amazon 1 6.50
6 LIPO Battery Charger Sheldon's Hobby Store 1 39.99
7 Ultrasonic sensor Robotshop 4 99.80
8 PCB Fry's Electronics 1 12
9 CAN Transceiver Amazon 5 49.95
10 LCD Display Obtained From Preet 1 Free
11 Xbee Obtained From Preet 1 Free
12 Adapter for Lipo Charger Amazon 1 15.84

CAN BUS Design

CAN Communication is used to communicate between all the boards and it requires the bus to be terminated using two 120 Ohm resistors. CAN is a very deterministic broadcast bus. Based on the .dbc file, each module will transmit only selected messages. Receiving of the messages is enabled by filtering. The module can be configured to receive all messages or receive selected messages. Given below are features of CAN bus:

  • Standard baud rate of 100K, 125K, 250K, 500k or 1M
  • Differential Pair - Half duplex

Working of CAN bus

A CAN frame has the following data:

  • 4 bits for Data Length Code
  • Remote Transmission Request
  • ID extend bit
  • Message ID (11 bit or 29 bit)

For CAN we require a transceiver(unlike) other BUSes. This transceiver converts the Rx and Tx lines to a single differential pair. where Logic 1( recessive) is represented by a ZERO volt difference and Logic 0(dominant) is represented by 2V difference.

Arbitration happens in can bus to make sure no two nodes are transmitting at the same time. A lower Message-ID has a Higher priority on the CAN bus since 0 is the dominant bit.

To make sure that a node does not put a lot of consecutive 1s or 0s together Bit Stuffing is done, where the CAN HW stuffs extra bits to improve CAN BUS integrity. Our project's overall design is described below.


CAN Interface



Hardware Components

CAN Transceiver

We connected a play and plug Waveshare CAN Transceivers Board for CAN Communication with our SjOne Boards. This Board works on 3.3V and connects to the CAN Rx and CAN Tx Pins of the SjOne Board. This Board then converts the signal to CAN High and CAN Low signal. This board itself has terminating resistors, thus when we connect 5 of them in one bus we bypass the terminating resistors present on the board itself and just use 120 ohms of terminating resistor at each end. This board has TI Chip installed on it and works flawlessly when interfaced with SjOne boards.

CAN Transceiver Pin Connection
S.No Pin No. (SJOne Board) Pin No. (CAN Transceivers) Functions
1. CAN Tx (P0.0) CAN Rx SjOne Tx to CAN Rx
2. CAN Rx (P0.1) CAN Tx SjOne Rx to CAN Tx
3. 3.3V Out 3.3V Vcc
3. GND GND GND

CAN Communication Table

The table indicates the messages based on the transmitter.

Sr. No Message ID Message function Receivers
Master Controller Commands
1 101 Master System Command for motor direction (forward/reverse), speed (m/sec) and steer for the motor. Motor
2 900 Debug message for sensor values DBG
3 905 Debug for obstacle flags DBG
Sensor Controller Commands
4 121 Obstacle Data for the front left and right sensor Master
BLE Controller Commands
5 181 Start & stop command for master Master
6 182 Destination latitude and longitude from App GPS
Geo Controller Commands
7 141 Direction values from the GPS for master. Master
8 191 Heading value Motor
9 901 Debug current latitude and longitude DBG
10 902 Start Debug compass DBG
11 904 Debug for the difference in distance and heading DBG
12 899 Bearing Debug DBG
13 898 Debug checkpoint DBG
14 897 Next Co-ordinate DBG
15 896 Number of checkpoints Motor
Motor Controller Commands
16 903 Debug motor to show current and required speed DBG

DBC File

DBC file is designed based on the designed CAN messages and signals. Preet's python script is used to auto-generate CAN communication-related structures and functions. Each module will generate its specific generated_can.h by changing the module name in 'pre_build.sh' file. The following is the example of pre-build script for the master module. 


                  python ../_can_dbc/dbc_parse.py -i ../../snf.dbc -s MASTER > ../_can_dbc/generated_can.h


The DBC file for the project is as shown below: 

VERSION ""
NS_ :
    BA_
    BA_DEF_
    BA_DEF_DEF_
    BA_DEF_DEF_REL_
    BA_DEF_REL_
    BA_DEF_SGTYPE_
    BA_REL_
    BA_SGTYPE_
    BO_TX_BU_
    BU_BO_REL_
    BU_EV_REL_
    BU_SG_REL_
    CAT_
    CAT_DEF_
    CM_
    ENVVAR_DATA_
    EV_DATA_
    FILTER
    NS_DESC_
    SGTYPE_
    SGTYPE_VAL_
    SG_MUL_VAL_
    SIGTYPE_VALTYPE_
    SIG_GROUP_
    SIG_TYPE_REF_
    SIG_VALTYPE_
    VAL_
    VAL_TABLE_
BS_:
BU_: DBG BLE GPS MOTOR SENSOR MASTER

BO_ 90 MASTER_HEARTBEAT: 1 MASTER
 SG_ MASTER_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MOTOR, SENSOR, GPS

BO_ 91 MOTOR_HEARTBEAT: 1 MOTOR
 SG_ MOTOR_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 
BO_ 92 SENSOR_HEARTBEAT: 1 SENSOR
 SG_ SENSOR_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER

BO_ 93 GPS_HEARTBEAT: 1 GPS
 SG_ GPS_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, BLE
 
BO_ 94 BLE_HEARTBEAT: 1 BLE
 SG_ BLE_HEARTBEAT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, GPS

BO_ 101 MOTOR_COMMAND: 3 MASTER
 SG_ STEER_cmd : 0|8@1- (1,0) [-2|2] "" MOTOR
 SG_ SPEED_cmd : 8|8@1- (0.1,0) [0|3.0] "m/s" MOTOR
 SG_ DIRECTION_cmd : 16|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MOTOR
 
BO_ 121 SENSOR_SONARS: 8 SENSOR
 SG_ SENSOR_SONARS_LEFT : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 SG_ SENSOR_SONARS_MIDDLE : 8|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER
 SG_ SENSOR_SONARS_RIGHT : 16|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER

BO_ 141 DIRECTION_GPS: 2 GPS
 SG_ DIRECTION_VAL : 0|8@1- (1,0) [-2|2] "" MASTER
 SG_ DESTINATION_REACHED : 8|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER 

BO_ 161 SPEED_MOTOR: 2 MOTOR
 SG_ MOTOR_SPEED : 0|12@1+ (0.001,0) [0|0] "mph" MASTER
 
BO_ 181 APP_DATA: 8 BLE
 SG_ START_CAR : 0|2@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, DBG

BO_ 182 APP_DATA_LAT_LONG: 8 BLE
 SG_ DEST_LAT : 0|26@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, GPS 
 SG_ DEST_LONG : 26|27@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" MASTER, GPS 
 
BO_ 191 HEADING: 4 GPS
 SG_ HEADING_VAL : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [0|0] "" MOTOR, DBG

BO_ 900 DEBUG_MASTER: 8 MASTER
 SG_ MASTER_LEFT_cmd : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 SG_ MASTER_MIDDLE_cmd : 8|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 SG_ MASTER_RIGHT_cmd : 16|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 
BO_ 901 DEBUG_GPS: 8 GPS
 SG_ CURR_LAT : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [36.000000|38.000000] "" DBG
 SG_ CURR_LONG : 32|32@1+ (0.000001,-123) [-123.000000|-120.000000] "" DBG

BO_ 902 DEBUG_COMPASS: 2 GPS
 SG_ HEADING : 0|16@1+ (1,0) [0|360] "degrees" DBG

BO_ 903 DEBUG_MOTOR: 3 MOTOR
 SG_ CURR_SPEED : 0|8@1+ (0.01,0) [0|0] "m/s" DBG
 SG_ REQD_SPEED : 8|8@1+ (0.01,0) [0|0] "m/s" DBG
 SG_ RPM_VALUE : 16|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG

BO_ 904 DEBUG_NAVIGATION: 8 GPS
 SG_ DIST_DIFF : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [0|0] "m" DBG
 SG_ HEAD_DIFF : 32|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [0|0] "Degrees" DBG
 
BO_ 905 DEBUG_OBSTACLE_FLAGS: 1 MASTER
 SG_ LEFT : 0|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 SG_ FRONT : 1|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG
 SG_ RIGHT : 2|1@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG

BO_ 899 DEBUG_BEARING: 4 GPS
 SG_ BEARING : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [0|0] "degrees" DBG,MOTOR
 
BO_ 898 DEBUG_CHECKPOINT: 1 GPS
 SG_ INDEX : 0|8@1+ (1,0) [0|0] "" DBG 
 
BO_ 897 NXT_COORD: 8 GPS
 SG_ LAT : 0|32@1+ (0.000001,0) [36.000000|38.000000] "" DBG
 SG_ LONG : 32|32@1+ (0.000001,-123) [-123.000000|-120.000000] "" DBG
  
CM_ BU_ DRIVER "The driver controller driving the car";
CM_ BU_ MOTOR "The motor controller of the car";
CM_ BU_ SENSOR "The sensor controller of the car";
CM_ BU_ BLE "The bluetooth controller of car";
CM_ BU_ GPS "The GPS controller of the car";
CM_ BO_ 100 "Sync message used to synchronize the controllers";

BA_DEF_ "BusType" STRING ;
BA_DEF_ BO_ "GenMsgCycleTime" INT 0 0;
BA_DEF_ SG_ "FieldType" STRING ;

BA_DEF_DEF_ "BusType" "CAN";
BA_DEF_DEF_ "FieldType" "";
BA_DEF_DEF_ "GenMsgCycleTime" 0;

BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 500 100;
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 100 1000;
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 101 100;
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 400 100;
BA_ "GenMsgCycleTime" BO_ 200 100;
BA_ "FieldType" SG_ 500 DBC_TEST1_enum "DBC_TEST1_enum";
BA_ "FieldType" SG_ 100 DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd "DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd";
VAL_ 500 DBC_TEST1_enum 2 "DBC_TEST1_enum_val_two" 1 "DBC_TEST1_enum_val_one" ;
VAL_ 100 DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd 2 "DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd_REBOOT" 1 "DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd_SYNC" 0 "DRIVER_HEARTBEAT_cmd_NOOP" ;

Can Bus analyzer

The PCAN-USB adapter enables simple connection to CAN networks. Bus Master software has been used to read and debug CAN messages. Bus Master requires DBC file to be converted to a .dbf file. The messages can be viewed in a very detailed format in the Bus Master. The bus master along with PCAN dongle is very useful in debugging the CAN communication. It is also possible to record the logs of communication.

PCAN Dongle

Snapshot of the CAN messages on the Bus Master tool

Motor & I/O Controller

Group Members

Motor and I/O controller is one of the five controller in the autonomous car. It is responsible for car's steering, movement, input commands and to display critical information regarding the car. The controller is connected to different hardware modules that take care of the mentioned features. These modules comprise of servo motor which is used for steering, electronic speed controller for controlling the DC motor which in turn controls the movements of the car and a touch-screen LCD display for data input and to display critical information. These modules are explained in further detail in hardware interface section of the Motor & I/O Controller below.

Design & Implementation

To design the motor controller to control servo and dc motor, research on required duty cycle was done. The dc motor can rotate with different speed based on the duty of the PWM signal. For our design we have three different speeds at which the car can move forward. In addition to the forward movement of the car we also have a reverse movement. All of these speeds in forward and backward direction require different PWM duty cycle. Based on this analysis, research of specific duty cycle required for each speed level was done using an oscilloscope. Similarly, for steering control different duty cycle is required to position the wheel in certain direction. Since we have five different wheel positions , we required five different duty cycle to perform these position control.

Furthermore, research on speed sensor was done using oscilloscope to find the behavior of signal that the sensor generates. By probing the signal wire on the speed sensor we found out that with every revolution the sensor sends out a pulse in the signal wire. Based on this analysis we designed an interrupt based pulse reader that tells exactly how many rotation the wheel took within a minute. Using this data we calculate our actual car speed.

Hardware Design

The motor and I/O controller hardware design consists of SJOne microcontroller board connected to servo motor, electronics speed control, LCD module and LED lights. Servo motor and electronics speed control are connected to the microcontroller using PWM signal. The touch screen LCD is connected to the microcontroller board using UART interface. The LED lights are connected to the board using GPIO interface. The electronic speed controller is powered using the 6v power supply from the car battery pack. The servo motor for steering control is power on using 5V from the power bank. The touch screen LCD module is also powered on using the 5V using the power bank.

Block Diagram for Motor module
Schematic diagram for Motor module with all connections

Hardware Interface

Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)

ESC: Waterproof XL-5 ESC with low-voltage detection (#TRA3018)

The Electronic Speed Controller is a component used for feeding PWM signal to a DC motor to control the speed at which it rotates. In addition to the speed it also controls the direction in which the motor rotates. These features help the car move forward and reverse and do these in different speeds. From the diagram below you can see the ESC has three color coded wires that are used for PWM signal(WHITE Color), VCC(RED Color) and GND(BLACK Color). These three color coded wires connect to the SJOne micro-controller board and power bank used in the car. There are also two wires coded red and black that have wire adapter at the end connect to the battery pack. The other two red and black wire connect directly to the DC Motor. The ESC also has a EZ Set button to switch between different speed modes, calibrate the speed and steering, and most important of all switch on the ESC itself. Please refer to the documentation provided by TRAXXAS for using the ESC.

ESC Pin Connection
S.No Wires on (ESC) Description Wire Color Code
1. (+)ve Connects to DC Motor (+)ve RED
2. (-)ve Connects to DC Motor (-)ve BLACK
3. (+)ve Connects to (+)ve of Battery RED
4. (-)ve Connects to (-)ve of Battery BLACK
5. P2.1 (PWM2) PWM Signal From SJOne WHITE
6. NC NC RED
7. (-)ve Negetive terminal BLACK

DC Motor

DC Motor: Titan® 12T 550 (12-turn) (#TRA3785)

The DC motor is the primary component that controls the rotation of the car wheel. Based on the direction of the current flow to the motor it rotates the wheel in forward or backward direction. Also, based on the amount of current flow to the motor, it controls the speed at which the wheels rotate. In the figure below you can see the DC motor has two wire, red and black for (+)ve and (-)ve connection respectively. For forward movement of the wheels the current flows from (+)ve to (-)ve. For reverse movement the current flows from (-)ve and (+)ve. For controlling the speed of the wheel the motor is fed with different amount of current from the ESC, which is controlled based on the duty cycle fed to ESC.


DC Motor Pin Connection
S.No Wires on (ESC) Description Wire Color Code
1. (+)ve Positive Terminal RED
2. (-)ve Negetive terminal BLACK



Servo Motor

SERVO MOTOR: Traxxas Waterproof Digital Ball Bearing Servo (#TRA2075)

The servo motor is the component responsible for the steering of the car. The servo motor is controlled directly from the SJOne micro-controller board. It has three color coded wire white, red and black which are used for PWM signal, 5 Volts and GND respectively. Based on the duty cycle of the signal sent to the servo, it rotates in left/right direction. The PWM signal fed to the servo motor is of frequency 100Hz. Detailed duty cycle values and corresponding steering position are provided in the software design section.


Servo Motor Pin Connection
S.No Pin No. (SJOne Board) Function Wire Color Code
1. P2.3 (PWM4) PWM Signal WHITE
2. VCC 5 Volts RED
3. GND 0 volts BLACK



RPM TRIGGER MAGNET: Traxxas Trigger Magnet Holders/Spur Gear (#TRA6538)

Speed Sensor

The speed sensor is one of the hardware component used in the autonomous car for sensing the speed of the car and feeding the information to SJOne microcontroller. The sensor is installed in the gear compartment of the Traxxas car along with the magnet trigger. When the magnet attached to the spur gear rotates along with the gear it passes the hall-effect RPM sensor after every revolution. As soon as the magnet comes in front of the sensor the sensor sends a pulse on the signal line which is color coded as white. The other color coded wires red and black are used for VCC and GND to power the sensor. The sensor is powered using the 5 volts power supply from the power bank.


Speed Sensor Pin Connection
S.No Pin No. (SJOne Board) Function Wire Color Code
1. P2.6 GPIO (INPUT) WHITE
2. VCC 5 Volts RED
3. GND 0 volts BLACK



RPM SENSOR: Traxxas Sensor RPM Short 3x4mm BCS (#TRA6522)

IO module

IO module consists of touch LCD for displaying critical information, head lights, brake lights and running lights. The LCD is interfaced to UART3 of the micro controller. The lights are interfaced via the GPIO pins. The below figure shows how the LCD and the Headlights are connected to the motor module. All nodes broadcast data on CAN bus. Motor node receives, converts it into LCD format and displays on LCD.

Block Diagram for I/O Peripherals


Software Design

Motor Controller

Software design for the motor controller consist of different software modules that control speed, steering, inputs and outputs interface using touch screen LCD, and sensing the speed of the car. Controlling speed, steering and sensing speed is done using 10Hz periodic loop. On the other hand the code for LCD input and output run as a task that get scheduled in between the 10Hz periodic scheduler.

The second phase of the motor controlling is maintaining a constant speed i,e., to find out the speed at which it is running and control the car based on the speed at which it is traveling. This comes in handy when the car has a destination that goes uphill. This operation can be called as speed controlling. This operation is done with the help of a speed sensor that can be fixed either on to the wheel or on to the transmission box of the car.

DC Motor and Servo Motor

Software design for the speed control and steering control is done using 5Hz and 10Hz periodic loop respectively. The periodic loop consists of two switch cases, one switch case for speed control and another one for steering control. For speed control, switch cases are for stop, 'slow' speed, 'medium' speed, 'fast' speed, and reverse. For steering control, the switch cases are for the positions of the wheel that are 'hard' left, 'slight' left, center, 'slight' right and 'hard' right. After the CAN message for speed and steering are decoded, the values are fed into switch cases for speed and steering control. Based on the values of the steering and speed sent by the master, motor controller takes action. Below flowchart are for steering control and speed control, which shows a command being received from master which is then used in a switch case to choose between different steering positions and speeds. The provided gif here shows change in five steering positions and their respective PWM duty cycle applied to the servo motor. The macro defined for the duty cycle below are percentage of the duty cyle for PWM signal applied to the servo. For our design these are X percentage of 100Hz, which is the frequency of the PWM signal used to control the servo motor.

No. PWM Direction
1 5 Full Left
2 6 Slight Left
4 7 Straight
6 8 Slight Right
7 9 Full Right
Steering Control Flowchart
Speed, Forward and Reverse selection Flowchart

































RPM Sensor

The RPM sensor code calculates the revolution of the spur gear every 50 ms. It calculates the revolution based on the interrupt signal generated on the GPIO pin connected to the SJOne board. The function for calculating the number of revolution is called from inside the switch case for slow speed shown in the speed control flowchart. The formula used to calculate speed in m/s is shown below.

Formula used for calculating mph: 

   const float D = 0.1; /* d = 2*r = 10 cm = 0.1 m */
   const float PI = 3.14159265;
   const float HZ = 20.0;
   sensorspeed = HZ * D * PI * rpm;

Other than providing the speed at which the car is moving, the RPM sensor has another critical functionality which is the speed control. For constant speed control we have implemented a Proportional, Integral & Derivative (PID) controller that takes care of speed control up and down any slope which would otherwise be variable due to gravity. Based on the output from the PID controller, the PWM duty cycle is added to the duty cycle already provided for slow speed. If the actual speed calculated using the RPM sensor is less than the set speed (slow speed),case during uphill, the error is positive. So in this case the PID controller increments the the duty cycle to reach the set speed. On the other hand when the actual speed is more than that of the set speed, which is the case during downhill, the error is negative so the PID controller tries to decrease the duty cycle in order to reduce the speed down to the set speed. Although, our actual PID controller code contains lot of filters to confine speed within safe limits , but sometimes while downhill we need to use braking to control the speed of the car. 

    error = spd_value - sensorspeed;
    pid.error = error;
    pid.integral += error;
    pid.derivative = error - pid.prev_error;
    pid.prev_error = error;
    pwm += (Kp * pid.error) + (Ki * pid.integral) + (Kd * pid.derivative);

IO module

Since motor's functional information is critical, the LCD uses UART as a communication medium to transmit messages. The LCD and lights working in the software is designed as low priority tasks. Even though UART takes a long time to process, it will not clog the periodic tasks.

The LCD is interfaced early in the project since it aids in debugging while the car is on the move. Critical information such as sensor readings, motor speed, compass direction, GPS coordinates, the degree to turn and distance to the destination are displayed on the LCD. The below screens show the information displayed on the LCD.

LCD screens
Welcome Screen
Stop Command from App
Start Command from App

Technical Challenges

  • Car Moving Too Fast While Downhill

Problem Summary: In spite of controlling speed using RPM sensor, the car was not in control while on a downhill.

Solution: After trying all possible solutions we could think of, we applied a brake momentarily at the start to reduce the sudden increase in PWM and then controlled the car based on the inclination. Also, made sure that if PWM value went below a certain range, then no brake was applied to the car.

  • Car Not Going in Reverse

Problem Summary: Although the PWM given to the car was ideal for making the Car go reverse. There was some issue with the car and it did not go reverse at all.

Solution: When checked with the transmitter/remote, I was seen that for the car to go reverse we had to first give a reverse signal then a stop signal and again a reverse signal. We implemented this easily with a simple block of code and manage to get the ESC working.

  • Servo Movements were slow

Problem Summary: Proper PWM Signals was given to the servo for going left or right but the movements were too slow.

Solution: Previously the Servo was running at 3.3v. After checking its manual realised that the servo works better and swift with 5v. Thus powered the servo motor with 5v and it started working promptly.

  • PWM being initialised at 1.9kHz instead of 50Hz

Problem Summary: Initialised the PWM Peripherals to 50Hz. But when checked on the same on a Digital Oscilloscope the value was 1.9kHZ.

Solution: When reviewing the code we realised that we have initialised the PWM peripheral but that code was not actually executed. We solved this by using a pointer instance of the PWM and initialising the PWM Signal in the motor init function. 

PWM *SERVO_MOTOR, *DC_MOTOR;

 void motor_init(void)
{
   SERVO_MOTOR = new PWM(PWM::pwm1); /* P2.0 and 50Hz */
   DC_MOTOR = new PWM(PWM::pwm2); /* P2.1 and 50Hz */
}

After doing initialisation using a pointer we were able to get proper 50Hz Signal for PWM Peripherals.

  • PID Tuning

Problem Summary: In order for the motor speed to reach a stable value, quickly, and with no oscillations, the PID control loop needs to have the correct coefficients so that the motor responds to disturbances appropriately. Finding these correct coefficients is called "tuning" the PID.

Solution: By propping the car up in the air and adding a PID tuning CLI to the SJOne console, the PID was tuned as in the steps listed in the Software Implementation. Tuning the PID requires taking time to test the car at different speeds, with different disturbances, and with different PID coefficients until the driver motor reacts as desired.

Geographical Controller

Team Members:

The main purpose of the geographical controller is to guide the car towards its destination. This is done by processing data from the GPS and Compass module in order to get the Heading, Bearing, and Distance. The compass will allow the user to calculate the Heading, which tells us which direction the car is pointing relative to magnetic north or simply, "Which way the car is pointing"? The GPS will allow the user to get the current coordinates of the car, which will be useful when calculating the Bearing and Distance. The Bearing tells us the direction from the current location to a checkpoint coordinate, and is given as the angle between the location and the current location of the car. The Distance tells us how many meters away the current checkpoint is. Essentially, How far away are we from our destination?

The geographical controller is also responsible for:
1. Parse the data from GPS and Compass module.
2. Navigate a path towards the destination using the nearest checkpoint
2. Navigate to nearest checkpoints and to set course towards the nest checkpoint along the path towards the destination .
3. Setting up the heading of the car towards the direction of the next checkpoint .

Hardware Design

CMPE243 S19 ZEUS geo block diagram.jpg
Pin Configuration:
Sl. No Pin on SJOne Board Pin on CMPS12 Purpose
1 SDA SDA Serial Data pin from SJONE to CMPS12
2 SCL SCL Clock signal from SJONE to CMPS12
3 5V VCC 5V voltage supply
4 GND GND Ground
Sl. No Pin on SJOne Board Pin on Adafruit Ultimate GPS Breakout Purpose
1 TXD3 RXD Transmit using UART3(TXD3) to Adafruit Ultimate GPS Breakout
2 RXD3 TXD Receive using UART3(RXD3) from Adafruit Ultimate GPS Breakout
3 5V VCC 5V voltage supply
4 GND GND Ground

Hardware Interface

CAN Bus

The CAN bus interface allows the geographical controller to send and receive data from other microcontrollers on the bus. For example, the geographical controller will send requests to the master controller to tell it to turn right, left, or keep straight in order to reach the set checkpoints. The geographical controller will plan a path towards the destination using the closest checkpoint towards the destination path and then send the steer commands to be taken in order to to steer towards the destination.

MTK3339 Ultimate GPS

The MTK3339 Ultimate GPS module from Adafruit was chosen because it is a plug and play device and gives consistent GPS string The main purpose of the GPS module is to provide an accurate location of the car while the car navigates towards its destination. This is done by parsing NMEA sentences, which are transmitted by up to 66 satellites to pinpoint the current location of the module. There are various different types of NMEA sentences, such as $GPRMC and $GPGGA. The NMEA sentence that was used was $GPGGA, which provides only the recommended minimum. The module is interfaced via UART with a baud-rate set to 57600bps. The module also comes with a fix LED, which indicates if a GPS fix by blinking every 15 seconds, if not, it blinks every 1Hz. The module is powered by 3.3V from the SJOne board.


CMPE243 S19 ZEUS Gpsimage.png


The $GPGGA sentence is separated by commas, which the user has to parse in order to get useful data out of the module. The most important data that the user want is the GPS coordinate, Latitude and Longitude.The parsing of data was done using the strstr() function which returns the pointer of the comma from the NMEA string to be parsed.
Below is an example of a parsed $GPGGA sentence: 



      Example:  $GPGGA,123519,4807.038,N,01131.000,E,1,08,0.9,545.4,M,46.9,M,,*47 

                     1     2    3    4    5     6    7    8      9     10  11 12
Number Raw form Description
1 123519 Time of fix 12:35:19 UTC
2 A Navigation receiver warning A = OK, V = warning
3 4807.038 Latitude 48 deg. 07.038 min
4 N North
5 01131.000 Longitude 011 deg. 31.00 min
6 E East
7 1 Fix Quality, 1 means GPS is fixed
8 08 Number of satellites being tracked
9 0.9 Horizontal dilution of position
10 545.5,M Altitude, Meters, above mean sea level
11 46.9,M, Height of geoid (mean sea level) above WGS84
12 *68 the checksum data, always begins with *


CMPS12 - Tilt Compensated Magnetic Compass Module

The CMPS12 - Tilt Compensated Magnetic Compass module was chosen because it provides better performance than its predecessor CMPS12, the module also has a 3-axis magnetometer, a 3-axis gyro and a 3-axis accelerometer. The CMPS12 is a self calibrating module and is automatically calibrated by movement, there is no instigation required by the user.Register 30 can be checked to see the level to which the CMPS12 has been calibrated. The default mode of the compass was chosen to get the heading value. The compass needs to be calibrated initially by moving it around in 3 axis. The calibration profiles stays onto it until the power supply to compass module is taken off.


Tilt-compensated-magnetic-compass-cmps12-1.jpg

The compass module is placed away from all other components of the car to minimize any magnetic interference from the motor, servo, sensors, and microcontrollers. Placing it in an environment where there is magnetic interference will cause incorrect reading of the heading and the car will navigate towards the wrong direction. The compass and GPS module is placed on a higher mount on the car to avoid any interference to it.The compass module is interfaced via I2C. It is powered on by 5V, but 3.3V works also.

Software Implementation

GEO module sends the direction and heading values to the master controller.

Sl. No Message ID Message name Purpose
1 141 DIRECTION_GPS Send direction value to the master
2 191 HEADING Send Heading value in degrees to the master

Receiving and parsing GPS data

The first task was to interface the GPS module to the SJOne board (using UART3), and receive raw data over it. The module was configured to receive only GPGGA NMEA sentence at 9600 bps baud rate. The received NMEA data is a string, that has to be parsed to obtain current latitude and longitude values. This location data is continuously sent to the Master controller on the CAN bus at 10 Hz.

Heading Calculation

Heading of the car is the direction that the car is moving, with respect to true north. A compass gives heading with respect to magnetic north. T\

The CMPS12 is calibrated by tilting it around in 3 axis. The CMPS12 is connected to the SJONE board using the I2C connection.

Bearing calculation

Bearing is the direction that the car desires to travel along, i.e., the direction of the destination. It is calculated using the current location coordinates and the destination coordinates (or next checkpoint coordinates). The formula to calculate bearing is 

   X = cos(lat2) * sin(dLong)
   Y = cos(lat1) * sin(lat2) - sin(lat1) * cos(lat2) * cos(dLong)
   Bearing = atan2(X,Y)
  
   where,
   (lat1, long1) are the current location coordinates
   (lat2, long2) are the checkpoint coordinates
   dLong is (long2 - long1)

Distance calculation

The distance between the current location and the next checkpoint is calculated using the Haversine formula .

Haversine formula: a = sin²(Δφ/2) + cos φ1 ⋅ cos φ2 ⋅ sin²(Δλ/2) c = 2 ⋅ atan2( √a, √(1−a) ) d = R ⋅ c where φ is latitude, λ is longitude, R is earth’s radius (mean radius = 6,371km); note that angles need to be in radians to pass to trig functions!

A flag is set when the distance to the final checkpoint becomes zero, and sent to the Master controller, to indicate that the destination has been reached.

Path Planning

The path of the car was decided using the minimum number of checkpoints from the start point to the destination. The car calculates the first checkpoint by finding the least distance between present co-ordinate and the checkpoints. Once it gets the first checkpoint, all other checkpoints are found in a similar fashion. Once the car cannot find any other checkpoint, the destination is the final checkpoint. 

   int get_checkpoint(checkpoint current_coordinate)

{ 

   int min = 0;
   bool flag = false;
   float distance[6];
   checkpoint destination;
   for(int i = 0 ; i < checkpoints_array_size ; i++)
   {
       distance[i] = cal_distance(current_coordinate.longitude , current_coordinate.latitude\
               ,checkpoints_array[i].longitude , checkpoints_array[i].latitude);
   }
   for(int i = 0 ; i < checkpoints_array_size ; i++)
   {
       if(distance[min] > distance[i]  && \
               cal_distance(destination_coordinates.longitude , destination_coordinates.latitude , current_coordinate.longitude , current_coordinate.latitude) >\
               cal_distance(destination_coordinates.longitude , destination_coordinates.latitude , checkpoints_array[i].longitude , checkpoints_array[i].latitude))
       {
           min = i;
           flag = true;
       }
   }
   memset(distance , 0 , sizeof(distance));
   if(flag == false)
   {
       destination.longitude = destination_coordinates.longitude;
       destination.latitude = destination_coordinates.latitude;
       //printf("Reached destination\n");
       return 100; 
   }
   else
   {
       destination.longitude = checkpoints_array[min].longitude;
       destination.latitude = checkpoints_array[min].latitude;
       return min;
   }

}

Technical Challenges

The following problems were faced and below are their resolutions:

  • Calibration of CMPS 12

Problem Summary: CMPS 12 Module was not accurate with the present calibrations. It was off by 10-15 degrees.

Solution: = Calibration of CMPS 12 module was a major challenge in this module. Initially profiles were stored to retain calibration state, but we soon realized that the profile had to changed every time the car was reset. As the project progressed we understood that using the default configuration of the compass was the best strategy. Once the compass was set to default calibration, we had to just move the compass around to set it to the magnetic north.

  • Wrong Values of Latitude Longitude received from the GPS Module

Problem Summary: The current GPS values would always vary for a constant place. This would make the car believe that it is at a different place than it actually is. Whenever the car would be tested to, the path and bearing would be different for a single route. This would also cause the car to not always reach the destination.

Solution: = To solve this problem, the destination would be a 5 meter radius, so each time it came even around the actual destination co-ordinate, destination flag would be set to high.

  • Car Overshooting the Checkpoints

Problem Summary: Another challenge we faced initially was that the motor would have sudden bursts of speed which would cause the car the overshoot. The checkpoint would be left behind, and hence the car used to take a U-turn. This used to repeat till it once gets the checkpoint.

Solution: = After working with the members of the motor module, car speed was set to a value which was smooth enough and didn't overshoot the checkpoint.

Sensors Controller

Group Member

  • Oliver Zhu
  • Wen Yuen Chao

Hardware Design

In this project, the sensor we use is LV-MAXSonar-EZ4, which is ultrasonic sensor. There are three sensors put in the front of our RC car and detect the left, middle and right side independently.

The feature of this sensor as follows:

1. 2.5V to 5.5V supply with 2mA typical current draw

2. Readings can occur up to every 50mS (20-Hz rate)

3. Serial, 0 to Vcc, 9600 Baud, 81N

4. Analog, (Vcc/512) / inch

5. Pulse width, (147uS/inch)

The benefit of the sensor as below:

1. Very low cost ultrasonic rangefinder

2. Very low power ranger, excellent for multiple sensor or battery-based systems

3. Quality beam characteristics

Hardware Interface
Sl. No Pin on SJOne Board Pin on MaxSonar-EZ4 Purpose
3 PWM AN PWM pin from SJONE to MaxSonar-EZ4
4 RX RX Recive data from SJONE to CMPS12
6 5V VCC 5V voltage supply
7 GND GND Ground

Hardware Interface

Indep sensors.png

LV-EZ4-Ultrasonic-Sensor.jpg

Independent Sensors Layout
In this project, we adopt the independent sensors model, which means each sensor doesn't communicate with each other. It's a easy way to let sensor do their work independently.

CAN Bus
The CAN bus interface allows the sensor controller to send and receive data on the bus. For example, the sensor controller will send the data to the CAN bus and the master controller will take it and let the car to do the coordinate movement.

Software Design

1. Initialization sequence

Sensor flowchart2.png

In the Sensor init sequence is as follows:

  • CAN Init
Motor CAN is initialized on can1 with BAUD rate 100bps and TX/RX queue sizes of 100. Then the filter is setup for 100-150 MSG IDs.
  • Sensor Init

2. Read Sensor

The relative functions is as follows:

  • read_sensor
After reading the data from sensor, we have to transfer the voltage to inch.
  • read_sensor_left
Read the data from left sensor.
  • read_sensor_right
Read the data from right sensor.
  • read_sensor_center
Read the data from center sensor.

3. Filter the value of sensor

The relative functions is as follows:

  • filter_sensor
Sometime we will get the outlier by noise, so we need to eliminate this abnormal value.

Testing & Technical Challenges

  • Sudden Spike of distance while sending Sensor Values

Problem Summary: There is an unusual pulse when sensor sent the date to CAN bus. This usually manifests as ADC giving a regular (near) maximum-value pulse.

Solution: When we meet the unusual value, we will adopt the previous value rather than the current value.

  • Persistent blind spots in the sensor array

Problem Summary: According the data sheet, the detection range of EZ4 is only 3.5 inch, which affected our car's ability to pass certain basic obstacle avoidance tests (e.g., putting your foot down in front of the car when your foot happens to be in between two sensors).

Solution: Add more sensors for car. For now, we only has three sensors in front of the car. The idea is adding more sensor for the different angles. The specific range detection of EZ4 is as follows.

Range detection.png

Another thing we could done is use sensors with a wider beam (such as the EZ0 or EZ1). The EZ4 has the most narrow and precise beam of the sonar sensors in that family, which we initially thought would be a benefit because it could provide accurate signals and reduce interference between the sensors. However, more discussion with others has suggested that the wide beam sensors are much better if we want to have good coverage with just 3 front sensors.

  • Continuous jitter even after filtering out spikes in sensor data

Problem Summary: We continued to see jitter from the steering in response to noisy sensor data, including random low values that would trigger a turn.

Solution: We made some adjustments to master module to mitigate this to some extent, but we could have done much more to get to the core of this issue. I think additional filtering for noise in the low-value (obstacle present) range could have helped, but at the expense of being responsive at a high 20Hz rate. Closer development between master and sensor for how we can more intelligently interpret sensor data--including changes to the master's obstacle avoidance state machine--would have helped as well.

Unit Testing

In the code of sensor part, we use API of CMock to test our code. There is a example we used as follows: 

void test_sensor2chan(void)
 {
   TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3, sensor2chan(sensor_left)); //0+3
   TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(4, sensor2chan(sensor_center)); //1+3
   TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(5, sensor2chan(sensor_right)); //2+3
   TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(6, sensor2chan(sensor_back)); //3+3
 }
void test_read_sensor(void)
 {
   
   uint16_t adc = 2;
   enum sensor_dir sensor = sensor_left;
   trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, true, true);
   adc0_get_reading_ExpectAndReturn(sensor2chan(sensor), adc);
   sensor_delay_ms_Expect(1);
   trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, false, false);
   sensor = sensor_center;
   trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, true, true);
   adc0_get_reading_ExpectAndReturn(sensor2chan(sensor), adc);
   sensor_delay_ms_Expect(1);
   trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, false, false);
   sensor = sensor_right;
   trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, true, true);
   adc0_get_reading_ExpectAndReturn(sensor2chan(sensor), adc);
   sensor_delay_ms_Expect(1);
   trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, false, false);
   sensor = sensor_back;
   trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, true, true);
   adc0_get_reading_ExpectAndReturn(sensor2chan(sensor), adc);
   sensor_delay_ms_Expect(1);
   trigger_sensor_ExpectAndReturn(sensor, false, false);
   sensor2type(sensor_left);
   sensor2type(sensor_center);
   sensor2type(sensor_right);
   sensor2type(sensor_back);
   TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3.15, read_sensor(sensor));
                                                
 }

Master Controller

The master controller sits at the heart of the decision-making algorithm. It takes values from the SENSOR, BLE, GPS modules and does the computation to correctly drive the MOTOR module.

Group Members

Hardware Design

The master module is responsible for acting as a driver and decision tree. In Zeus the hardware design for master module is pretty straight forward. It is only connected to the CAN bus using a transceiver. It receives all the messages and then takes decisions based on them. This is explained in detail in the Software design for this module.

BLE Block Diagram

Software Design

The MASTER module is responsible for all the decision making, controlling and guiding the car through all scenarios to reach the final destination. The algorithm for the implementation of our project is mention in this section.

Sl. No Message ID Message name Purpose
1 101 MOTOR_COMMAND Sends Steer and Speed and Direction to Motor Module
2 900 DEBUG_MASTER Displays the raw values of the front left and right sensors as received
3 905 DEBUG_OBSTACLE_FLAGS Sends the set front, left and right flags for obstacle avoidance



Decision Tree for Master


Implementation

  • Check for START command if received from the Application module. If not, the car should be in the idle state i.e. not moving but ready and accepting all messages from the can bus.
  • Once start is received, set a start flag to true and put the entire code inside this module.
  • The navigation will be guided by the commands received from the GPS module. The GPS module will send STEER and DIRECTION commands to the motor module.
  • The motor module should be given this data so that they will run the motor with the set speed and also the steer commands to successfully reach the checkpoints, eventually reaching the destination.
  • Priority should be given to the obstacle avoidance algorithm so that it overrides the GPS direction command.
  • The car should avoid all obstacles i.e. if the checkpoint is on the left of the car, the GPS module will send data to the MASTER module and command it to make a left turn. However, if there is an obstacle found on the left, then the car should go to the right.
  • The car should stop when the destination is reached or an obstacle is detected in the front in such close proximity that it cannot be avoided.
  • From this state, the car should go reverse with steering added to it so that it does not get stuck in a loop going back and forth.

A basic logic snippet is shown below. We set flags according to the sensor values received from the ultrasonic sensors. These flags were then polled to set the steering command to be sent to the motor module to drive the servo motor. The flags were set according to our logic of how the car should respond to the obstacles in its path. The MID_DISTANCE was set to 50 inches and DISTANCE for the left and right sensors was set to 60. This was the threshold which we finalized as it gave ample time for the car to make a decision. In the following code snippet, "front_obstacle" is a flag and "middle" is the value received from the sensor module for the middle sensor. 

if(middle > MID_DISTANCE && left > DISTANCE && right > DISTANCE )   // no obstacle
    {
        front_obstacle  = 0;
        left_obstacle   = 0;
        right_obstacle  = 0;
    }
    else if(middle < MID_DISTANCE && left < DISTANCE && right < DISTANCE)   // wall in front
    {
        front_obstacle  = 1;
        left_obstacle   = 1;
        right_obstacle  = 1;
    }
    ...


Based on the data received from the GPS module to steer to get the car closer to the next checkpoint, we set the STEER command values to be sent to the motor module. However, we need to check the values from the sensor. SO we check the obstacle flags set above to decide whether to follow the GPS(if no obstacle was found) or to override the GPS command and decide to steer away frim that path. A code snippet for our logic is as follows: 

switch(gps_data.DIRECTION_VAL)
{
    case 0:
        if(!right_obstacle && !left_obstacle)       //no obstacles
            go_straight(1.7);

        else if(!left_obstacle && right_obstacle)   // right
            go_hard_left();

        else if(left_obstacle && !right_obstacle)   //left
            go_hard_right();

        else if(right_obstacle && left_obstacle)    //only on left & right both
        {
            stop();
            delay_ms(10);
            go_back();
        }
        break;

    case -2:
        if(!left_obstacle)
            go_hard_left();
        else
            go_hard_right();
        break;
...

Technical Challenges

  • Car Not Detecting Obstacle Fast Enough

Problem Summary: In spite of having a decent preliminary obstacle avoidance logic, the car would not stop/steer away from obstacles rather chared onto them.

Solution: After multiple testing, we observed that the speed of the car was too high for it to lose all of its momenta and come to a standstill. So we started running the car at a slower speed.

Also, the threshold was too low for the car to detect obstacles and successfully navigate away from them.

  • Negative float values not propagating on bus master

Problem Summary: In spite of getting correct negative value on printf just before the dbc encode and send function, somehow on the bus master -1.0 was converted and seen as 0.

Solution: We were using that for setting a negative speed to tell the motor to go reverse. We later just removed a negative speed(as it is more logical) and created a new message type "Direction" to guide the motor module to set if the car should move forward or backwards.

  • Unable to get the car in reverse

Problem Summary: We were able to stop the car by sending 2 STOP commands but unable to make it go reverse.

Solution: We had to set a delay of minimum 10ms after sending the STOP and before the REVERSE command. This is how our motor understood the difference between stopping and making the motor spin in the opposite direction.


  • Multiple decisions needed to be taken

Problem Summary: On the onset of each and every module, we had to always fine-tune our master logic so that it incorporated all the signals and make the system work in equilibrium. We had to incorporate start command, GPS and sensor directions which added to the decision making logic.

Solution: A robust state machine helped us to build a logically correct algorithm to incorporate every module in our system to work in order and in harmony.

Android Application and Bridge

Group Members

Design

The bridge controller is responsible for establishing communication between the CAR and an Android Phone. This communication is achieved using Bluetooth technology and HC-05 bluetooth transceiver. The android app "ZeusApp" sends Co-ordinates as well as Start/Stop command to the car. Once the bridge ECU receives this data over UART, it transmits it to corresponding controllers using CAN bus. The HC-05 module communicates with SJONE over UART at 9600bps baud rate. The overall architecture of the system is given below:

BLE Block Diagram
Pin Configuration:
Sl. No Pin on SJOne Board Pin on HC-05 Purpose
1 TXD3 RXD Transmit using UART3(TXD3) to HC-05
2 RXD3 TXD Receive using UART3(RXD3) from HC-05
3 3V3 VCC 3.3V voltage supply
4 GND GND Ground

Hardware interface between the BLE ECU and The can bus is achieved using the CAN tranciever. P0.1 on the SJone board is connected to CAN Tx and P0.0 is connected to CAN Rx. The CAN bus section talks in more detail about how CAN is actually implemented.

Bluetooth Hardware Design

HC-05 module

We decided to go with HC-05 as our bluetooth module HC-05 because of the vast amount of information on it on the internet. HC-05 is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP(Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Hc-05 also provides switching mode between master and slave mode. Given below are features of HC-05:

  • -80dBm sensitivity
  • Up to +4dBm transmit power
  • Low Power operation
  • UART interface with programmable baud rate.
  • Integrated Antenna and edge connector.
  • Supported Baud Rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.
  • Auto-connect to the last device on power as default.
  • Auto-pairing PINCODE:”0000” as default
  • Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of connection.

Bluetooth Software Design

The BLE ECU is responsible for receiving data over UART and then Packaging it in correct message format and sending it over the can bus. To achieve this a few messages were made in the DBC file. The Message IDs and info is given in the table below:

Sl. No Message ID Message name Purpose
1 181 APP_DATA Sends 2 bit start OR stop command
2 182 APP_DATA_LAT_LONG Send Destination Latitude and Longitude to the ECU.

Our BLE ECU is pretty simple and has one function as its core operation. This Function is given below. 

void parse_data()
{
   char coord[100]={0};
   getstring(coord,100,0);
   if(coord[0]==1)
   {
       printf("\nStart");
       BLE_data.START_CAR=1;
       c_LED_display_set_number(1);
       memset(coord,0,sizeof(coord));
   }
   else if(coord[0]==2)
   {
       printf("\nStop");
       BLE_data.START_CAR=2;
       c_LED_display_set_number(0);
       memset(coord,0,sizeof(coord));
   }
   else if(strlen(coord))
   {
       while(coord[i] != ',')
       {
               Latitude[i]=coord[i];
               i++;
       }
      Latitude[i]='\0';
       i++;
       while(coord[i] != '@' )
       {
           Longitude[j]=coord[i];
           i++;
           j++;
       }
       Longitude[j]='\0';
       i=0;
       j=0;
       float LAT1=atof(Latitude);
       float LON1=atof(Longitude);
       printf("\nLatitude: %.15f",LAT1);
       printf("\nLongitude: %.15f",LON1);
     
       gps_destination.DEST_LAT=LAT1;    
       gps_destination.DEST_LONG=LON1;  
   }
   dbc_encode_and_send_APP_DATA(&BLE_data);   
   dbc_encode_and_send_APP_DATA_LAT_LONG(&gps_destination);
}

As seen in the code above, there are two DBC structures that are made, BLE_data to send start/stop command and gps_destination to send the destination co-ordinates. The android app sends a string over bluetooth to HC-05 which passes it on to SJone over UART. By parsing this string we can figure out which command was received from the App. If the 1st character of string is '1' the its a START command, if its '2' the it is STOP command and otherwise it parses the string to find Coordinates. Through the app i am sending coordinates in the format of LATITUDE,LONGITUDE so, in parse_data() function, two global character arrays were accessed. Until the iterator reaches the comma it puts everything in the Latitude array and after the till the end of string it puts everything in the Longitude array. Library function atof() was used to convert the character array to float to be able to send it over CAN.

The function parse_data() is periodically called at 1hz (so every one second). This means that the UART data is parsed and a can message is sent every second.

Android Application Design

Implementation

The main purpose of the android application is to provide the user with a way to interact with the Car using a smartphone. This app was built using Android Studio developed by Google and Jetbrains. You have the option of writing the code in either Java or Kotlin. For ZeusApp we decided to go with Java. One of the most important features that needed to be integrated into the app was Google Maps to show current position and the destination coordinates. A Google Maps API key is required to integrate Maps withing the application. This key can be acquired through the Google Developers Console. This key is mainly used to track activity of the app. Google uses the tracking to figure out charges (if any). Since our app is not a public app it doesnt cost anything for us. There are two main activities that form the app.

1. StartScreen.java is the first page that the user is greeted with its a basic home page that allows the user to go to the Map where he/she can interact with the car.

2. MapDemoActivity.java is the main activity where all the important work happens. This is the page which displays Google map fragment and all the controls associated with the car. The map fragment loads and updates the users location which he/she can see by clicking the recenter button. A pin can be dropped on the map by just touching the desired location on it. This activity also lets user connect to HC-05 bluetooth transceiver by simply clicking the Connect button. Once the app is connected to the car, user can then start the car using START button and similarly stop it using the STOP button. After marking the destination there is a button that lets the user send coordinates in the form of LATITUDE, LONGITUDE to the car.

Bluetooth - Android Side

The MapDemoActivity.java , besides UI for map. has one more integral purpose. It establishes a socket communication between the smartphone and HC-05 transceiver. For this a few things need to be done.

1. We need to specify certain permission in the AndroidManifest.xml. These permissions are given below 

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />

2. Import the following libraries 

import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothDevice;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothSocket;
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;

This lets us define variables that are needed for establishing communication over bluetooth. Input and Output stream classes lets us make buffers to write data to and read data from.

3. For basic communication we need need three things a Bluetooth Device, Bluetooth Adapter and a Bluetooth Socket. These are declared as follows: 

BluetoothSocket mBTsocket = null;
BluetoothDevice BoardSJONE = null;
BluetoothAdapter ZeusAdapter;

Bluetooth adapter lets you represent local device(smartphone) bluetooth adapter and lets you perform bluetooth tasks such as device query, instantiate a BluetoothDevice using MAC ID or UUID and create a socket. The Bluetooth adapter itself can be initialized as follows: 

ZeusAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

For this app we have initialized the adapter int the onStart function. This funtion is called when the activity becomes visible to the User, so, before anything can be done BluetoothAdapter is initialized.

4. Once the Adapter has been initialized and the device has been paired we now need to establish RF communication between the phone and HC-05. For that we use BluetoothSocket as below. 

mBTsocket = BoardSJONE.createInsecureRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(BTMODULEUUID);
mBTsocket.connect();
pairedDevice = BoardSJONE;

Here, BTMODULEUUID is the Universallu Unique Identifier which is a 128 bit ID of the smartphone. Now the Socket connection has been established.

5. For sending data, Output Stream can be used. 

tOUTPUT = mBTsocket.getOutputStream();
tOUTPUT.write(string.getBytes());
tOUTPUT.flush();

The parameters inside write() function is the data you want to send over bluetooth. A coordinate string in our case.

The diagrams below show our App as its seen on an Android phone:

App Icon
Home Screen
Map Screen

For starters, i developed the app just to establish Socket communication with HC-05 and Send 1 or 0. Sort of like a "hello World" code. It was a bit of a learning curve. After successful communication establishment, the Start and Stop buttons were added. These would just let the user choose wether to send "1" (start) or "2" (stop). I decided to not go with 0 as the stop command as in the BLE file, character receive array is initiated to ZERO every time parse_data() function is called. This is because the array is defined locally and not globally for the function. So now only when a "2" is received over UART the DBC struct variable is set to STOP.

The second major task was building the map screen. This was a bit difficult as it requires Google API key to instantiate a Map fragment. The features i had to add include Toast messages on every new activity, Destination Coordinate marker. User Location marker and Bluetooth Buttons. Once the map was successfully integrated adding the Custom Destination marker (lightning bolt) was pretty straight forward to add. A slight modification int the function that loads the map needs to be made. Given below is the code snippet for adding a marker. 

map.setOnMapClickListener(new GoogleMap.OnMapClickListener() { //marker added :neel
           @Override
           public void onMapClick(LatLng point) {
               Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"DESTINATION MARKED",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
               marker.position(point);
               marker.title(point.latitude + "," + point.longitude);  // point is an object of LatLng class , LAT and LON both are Doubles.
               //marker.title("Destination");
               marker.draggable(true);
               marker.icon(BitmapDescriptorFactory.fromResource(R.drawable.flash));
               //Destination_location.setLatitude(point.latitude);
               //Destination_location.setLongitude(point.longitude);
               Dest_point=point;
               map.clear();
               map.addMarker(marker);
           }
       });

Dest_point in the above snippet is the private class variable that is used to send the destination over Bluetooth. It is a LatLng class object.

Testing and Technical Challenges

Issues

  • With Zero experience of Java or Android Application development, it was very difficult fo me in the beginning to learn Java syntax and get accumulated with the Android SDK. This was made possible after spending a lot of time on Android Developer website and Android tutorial on Youtube. The website provides information on available APIs and their examples.
  • Running background activity for bluetooth. So that we could have Start/Stop on home screen and Send Destination feature on the mapscreen, was very difficult since i could not understand multithread bluetooth architecture. In the end the best solution to this was have one main activity(in our case the MapActivity) and have all the bluetooth buttons on that page.
  • On the BLE side, in the beginning we observed that unless Explicitly sending Start (1) from the app the BLE would by default put a Stop(0) command on the CAN bus. This was because the character array was getting initialized to 0 every function call. This was solved by simply sending a "2" from the app, and then sending a Stop command only when the first character in the string is 2.
  • Another major issue was that i was unable to send correct LAT LONG on the can bus in float format. We needed to have atleast 6 decimal point precision and this could only be achieved using a factor of 0.0000001 in the DBC. But even after doing that we would get positive coordinate value only upto 4 decimal points and would get total garbage for negative coordinate value (Latitude in our case is in the range of -121). Preet gave us a great idea to just send the entire number as a uint32_t variable and then divide it by a million on the receiver side(GPS in our case). This solved the problem and we were able to send and receive correct and precise Coordinates on the can bus.

Testing

  • We began testing the BLE Uart code first for this, after writing a very basic code that would just take a character from uart and display it on screen, we installed an app directly from the Play Store for android. There are several Apps available on the app store for HC-05. Once the data sent from app was successfully received and displayed, we could move on to the next stage.
  • On the android side the Map Fragment testing was done using an Android Studio Virtual Device (API 27). This helped us in deciding the layout and functions of each activity without having to deploy it on the smartphone.
  • IMPORTANT: It should be noted that to test the bluetooth features of the app, an actual compatible android phone is needed since the emulator does not take permissions from the laptop's bluetooth adapter. We realized this after the App kept crashing on the emulator every-time a button was pressed.

Testing & Technical Challenges

Used Car Causes Mechanical Issues

  • We bought a used RC Car from Sheldon's hobby, in hopes of reducing the overall cost of the project. It backfired, when we found out that the car had a lot of issues. The chassis was not stable, the front tires were of different sizes and even the front shocks were not able to hold the weight when we mounted our boards on it. In order to run the car we made a lot of additional expenses by buying new tires and new shock oil. We spent more time in fixing mechanical issues of the car rather than coding and implementing things for the project. In the end, when everything failed we still had to buy a new car. It is better to just buy a Traxxas car since a lot of information is available on it and it is very reliable.

CAN Bus Error Frame

  • The CAN transciever that we bought was from a manufacturer called WaveShare. It has an onboard terminating resistor. So when the CAN bus was finally made, it would sometimes give random errors and would show unpredictable behaviour. Upon inspection we found out that the terminating resistance was 60ohms when it should have been 120ohms. Preet told us that it is because of the on board resistor present on it. We solved this problem by, removing those resistors. Its better to buy transceiver that doesn't have an on board resistor.

Narrow Beam Sensor Covering Less Area

  • We are using Sonar sensors, it is better to have sensors that have wider beam sensors like EZ0 and EZ1 by Maxbotics. We were using EZ4 which has a pretty narrow beam, this left us with a few blindspots. And if you have EZ4 available for you its better to use 5 sensors in front instead of just 3 sensors. In the same way either use 2/3 EZ4 sensors in the back for just a single EZ0 sonar sensor.

DBC issues for sending negative value

  • DBC for some messages was not able to send negative values on the bus properly. We found this out when we were trying to send a Signed int8_t value for speed command. where we were trying to give -1.0 for reverse command. even though we were sending it, only garbage would appear on the bus. We solved this by making another dbc variable called motor direction, that would decide whether a reverse needs to be done. We observed this issue in the BLE module as well, when we were trying to send negative values for longitude.

Conclusion

This project served as a great source of learning as it was challenging to develop and integrate the features of the self-driving car. It gave us a great sense of achievement in having completed the project by working together as a team.

By completing this project we all learned how to use an important version control tool in development-Git. Git allowed us to keep track of changes to the master branch as well as branches for each of the controllers and the Android application. We also got hands-on experience with the CAN bus protocol which is useful for any embedded system in the automotive industry as well as the DBC file format and the BusMaster CAN tracing tool. We were required to complete unit testing for each of the controllers. Learning Test Driven Development (TDD) was a challenge but overall it was a great experience for us because developing this way reduced time spent on debugging.

Project Video

GPS navigation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBh3Oiaw4bo&feature=youtu.be

Obstacle avoidance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3mS2H2W0eU&feature=youtu.be

Project Source Code

References

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our gratitude to Professor Preetpal Kang for generously sharing his time and knowledge with us and guiding us through the completion of this project. We would also like to thank Pratap for his valuable advice and constructive feedback.

References Used

PID Control
Android GUI
Bluetooth
Android App

Datasheets

[1] XL-MaxSonar-EZ4 Ultrasonic Sensor
[2] Parallax Ping Sensor
[3] 4D Systems LCD
[4] CAN Transceiver
[5] GPS Module
[6] Compass Module
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